AP World History Vocab List 2

Protestant Reformation

Protestant Reformation

16th century religious movement in Europe that led to the creation of Protestant faiths in opposition to Catholicism

Protestant Reformation Significance

The Protestant Reformation marked a break with existing Christian traditions and both the Protestant and Catholic reformations contributed to the growth of Christianity

Devshirme

Ottoman policy of taking boys from Christian peoples and training and converting them to be Muslim soldiers

Devshirme Significance

Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites, such as the Devshirme, became more common among rulers who wanted to maintain centralized control over their populations and resources.

Janissaries

the elite infantry units that formed the Ottoman Sultan's household troops and the first modern standing army in Europe

Janissaries Significance

The Janissaries’ disciplined tactics and early adoption of firearms contributed significantly to the Ottoman Empire's military success in conquering large territories.

Tax Farming

the state auctions off the right to collect taxes to the highest bidder (the farmer) and the selected individual collects taxes on behalf of the state and is able to keep any money they collect above the agreed upon amount.

Tax Farming Significance

Rulers used tribute collection, tax farming, and innovative tax-collection systems to generate revenue in order to forward state power and expansion.

Sikhism

religious community founded in northern India by Guru Nanak that rejected caste divisions

Sikhism Significance

Sikhism developed in South Asia in a context of interactions

Trading - Post Empire

Form of imperial dominance based on control of trade rather than on control of subject peoples

Trading - Post Empire Significance

Portuguese development of maritime technology and navigational skills led to increased travel to and trade with Africa and Asia and resulted in the construction of a global trading-post empire

Sponsorship

Financial support designed to make an action possible with credit and reward going to the sponsor

Sponsorship Significance

Northern Atlantic crossings were undertaken under English, French, and Dutch sponsorship, often with the goal of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia

Asante

African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680 and participated in the Atlantic economy, trading gold, slaves, and ivory

Asante Significance

The expansion of maritime trading networks fostered the growth of states in Africa, including the Asante, whose participation in trading networks led to an increase in their influence.

Mit’a System

Mandatory service of 2 years for all individuals in the Inca Empire

Mit’a System Significance

Newly developed colonial economies in the Americas largely depended on agriculture, utilized existing labor systems, including the Incan mit’a, and introduced new labor systems including chattel slavery, indentured servitude, and encomienda and hacienda systems.

Encomienda System

A system that relied on the forced labor of the native population in the Spanish colonial Empire

Encomienda System Significance

Newly developed colonial economies in the Americas largely depended on agriculture, utilized existing labor systems, including the Incan mit’a, and introduced new labor systems including chattel slavery, indentured servitude, and encomienda and hacienda systems.

Hacienda System

The system of appointing or giving large estates or plantations to colonists in Spanish colonial America for them to govern as they see fit

Hacienda System Significance

Newly developed colonial economies in the Americas largely depended on agriculture, utilized existing labor systems, including the Incan mit’a, and introduced new labor systems including chattel slavery, indentured servitude, and encomienda and hacienda systems.

Joint Stock Company

A business owned by its investors, with each investor owning a share based on the amount of stock purchased

Joint Stock Company Significance

Joint-stock companies, influenced by mercantilist principles, were used by rulers and merchants to finance exploration and were used by rulers to compete against one another in global trade.

Casta System

A racial hierarchy created in colonial Spain to designate social class placement based on lineage connection to Spain

Casta System Significance

Imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities contributed to the formation of new political and economic elites, including the Americas with the rise of the Casta system.

Tribute Collection

A system in which a state would send gifts or valuables to a receiving station in order to demonstrate loyalty and avoid conflict

Tribute Collection Significance

Rulers used tribute collection, tax farming, and innovative tax-collection systems to generate revenue in order to forward state power and expansion.

Cash Cops

An agricultural crop that is purposely made to only be sold in a market environment for as much money as possible

Cash Crops Significance

Cash crops were grown primarily on plantations with coerced labor and were exported mostly to Europe and the Middle East during the Colombian Exchange.

Mercantilism

An economic system in which governments use their economies to enhance their power at the expense of other countries

Mercantilism Significance

Mercantilist policies and practices were used by European rulers to expand and control their economies and claim overseas territories.

Resistance

The refusal to accept or comply with something; attempt to prevent something by action or argument.

Resistance Significance

Enslaved persons challenged existing authorities in the Americas through organized resistance.

Dispute

A heated disagreement, argument or debate.

Dispute Significance

Political and religious disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states

Monumental

Great in importance, extent, or size; serving as a monument or tribute to

Monumental Significance

Rulers continued to use religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture to legitimize their rule.

Syncretic

Combining or bringing together different philosophical, religious, or cultural principles and practices

Syncretic Significance

The increase and intensification of interactions between newly connected hemispheres expanded the reach and furthered development of existing religions, and contributed to religious conflicts and the development of syncretic belief systems and practices.

Indigenous

Originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native

Indigenous Significance

European colonization of the Americas led to the unintentional transfer of disease vectors, including mosquitoes and rats, and the spread of diseases that were endemic in the Eastern Hemisphere, including smallpox, measles, and malaria. Some of these diseases substantially reduced the indigenous populations, with catastrophic effects in many areas.

Monopoly

the exclusive control of a commodity, market or means of production

Monopoly Significance

The new global circulation of goods was facilitated by chartered European monopoly companies

Elites

A select group that is superior (or treated as superior) in terms of ability or qualities to the rest of a group or society

Elites Significance

Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites, as well as the development of military professionals, became more common among rulers who wanted to maintain centralized control over their populations and resources

Mortality

The state or condition of being subject to death. Mortality rates are often used to measure the number of deaths associated with a specific action or event.

Mortality Significance

Diseases like smallpox, measles, and influenza traveled from the Old World to the New World through the Columbian Exchange and lead to an increase in mortality rates in the New World

Secular

Denoting attitudes, activities, or other things that have no religious or spiritual basis

Secular Significance

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Chattel Slavery

Form of slavery in which a person is held as tangible property; as opposed to military slavery where a person is held as spoils of war

Chattel Slavery Significance

Newly developed colonial economies in the Americas largely depended on agriculture, utilized existing labor systems, including the Incan mit’a, and introduced new labor systems including chattel slavery, indentured servitude, and encomienda and hacienda systems.

Heretical

Holding an opinion at odds with what is generally accepted, especially when challenging the established religious orders.

Heretical Significance

Martin Luther’s 95 Theses was heretical to the Catholic Churches sayings and beliefs, challenging them and causing an uprising of protest.

Cultivation

The act of preparing land and growing crops on it, or the act of growing a particular crop

Cultivation Significance

Cultivation of crops like maize, potatoes, and tomatoes from the New World were newly introduced to the Old World during the Columbian Exchange, significantly changing diets and boosting population growth in Europe, Africa, and Asia.

Substantial

Of considerable importance, size, or worth; concerning the essential values of a concept

Substantial Significance

European colonization of the Americas led to the unintentional transfer of disease vectors, including mosquitoes and rats, and the spread of diseases that were endemic in the Eastern Hemisphere, including smallpox, measles, and malaria. Some of these diseases substantially reduced the indigenous populations, with catastrophic effects in many areas.

Predecessors

a person or thing that has been followed or replaced by another

Predecessors Significance

The Russian Empire built upon their Mongol predecessors and used similar strategies such as utilizing a bureaucratic government and then census system.

Patron

a person who gives financial or other support to a person, organization, cause, or activity

Patron Significance

Peter the Great became a patron

Colonialism

An attempt by one country to establish settlements and impose political, economic, and cultural practices in another territory

Colonialism Significance

Newly developed colonial economies in the Americas largely depended on agriculture, utilized existing labor systems, including the Incan mit’a, and introduced new labor systems including chattel slavery, indentured servitude, and encomienda and hacienda systems.

Endemic

A disease or condition regularly found among inhabitants (people, plants, or animals) in a certain area

Endemic Significance

European colonization of the Americas led to the unintentional transfer of disease vectors, including mosquitoes and rats, and the spread of diseases that were endemic in the Eastern Hemisphere, including smallpox, measles, and malaria.