Scientific Foundations Of Psychology Week 5 Terms

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Experiemental Designs Usually Contain

• Independent and Dependent variables

• Control and experimental design

• Random assignment

Experimental Research

Researcher controls all aspects of a study, manipulating Independent variables and allowing dependent variables to vary naturally

Non-Experimental Research

Any study which a researcher does not have as much control as they d in an experiment

Quasi-Experimental Research

Wanting to analyse phenomenon without control

• Random assignment impractical

Case Study

Focussing on an individual with an interesting phenomenon

Types Of Experimental Designs

• True Experimental Designs

• Pre-Experimental Designs

• Quasi-Experimental Designs

Pre-Experimental Designs

Limited control over variables or lack of comparison groups

Three Primary Types Of Experiment Designs

• Between-Subjects Design

• Within Subjects Design

• Mixed Design

Between Subjects Design

Allocating different participants to each group

• increases external/internal validity by reducing problems relating to participation bias and selection buas

Within-Subjects Design

Allocating the same participants in each group

• expectation of large individual differences

• requires smaller sample size

• uses same participants

Mixed Design

Allocating the same participants in each level of one factor and testing them again in levels of another factor

• has advantages of both between and within groups

Global Approach (Etic)

View from an outsider perspective

• assues sultures are different in certain elements, therefore studying culture by comparing them on a cultural or universal dimensions

Focial approach (Emic)

View from insider perspective

• Assumes all concepts are dependent on culture and therefore seek to understand culture by studying how its associated meanings are socially and histroically structured

Emic Concepts

• Schadenfreude

• Amae

Schadenfreude

Emotional state experienced when we feel inferior to someon eelse, envy them or percieve them as having undeserved success

• Happiness over someones failure

Amae:

Interpersonal relations and the capscity to depend and presuem love or back in indulgence. Assumes:

• amae requester seeks indulgence

• Both partners have intimacy motivations

• Partners acceptance of amae will enhance intimacy

Indigenous Psychology Based On

• Reaction against colonisation/hegemony of Western psychology

• Need for non-Western cultures to sole local problems through Indigenous ways

• NEed to non-Western culture to recognise itself in constructs and practises of psychology

• Need to use indigenous philosophies and concepts to generate theories of global discourse

Aboriginal Participatory Action Research Tenants

Collaboration: Research must benefit Aboriginal peoples and be co-designed in genuine partnership with indigenous communities

- Empowerment: Reearch must emphasise locals voices and prioritise community needs and solutions. Must promote empowerment and self-determination under Indigenous paradigm of Social and Emotional Wellbeing

- Knowledge: Research must focus on decolonisation and draw on the wealth of pre-established Indigenous Knowledge systems

Four R’s Used In Each Stage of Aboriginal Participatory Action Research Tenants

1. Respect: Mutual empowerment

2. Relevance: In line with community beliefs

3. Reciprocity: Encouraging mutual benefits

4. Responsibility: Inspiring self-determination

Two Eyed Seeing

To see from one eye with the strengths of Indigenous ways of knowing, and to see from the other eye with the strengths of western ways of knowing, and to use both eyes together

Cultural Competence

Ways to recognise the central role that culture plays in unwellness

Exisitng Ethics Guidlines

Mainstream standards of informed clinical consent byt do not provide guidelines regarding the need to negotiate informed cultural consent to ensure the disclosure and potential use to culturally sacrosact information is negotiated with Aboriginal patients as a part of standard practise

Culturally innappropriate Methods Of Engaging Youth In Mental Health Services

• Lack of cultural understanding

• Cultural inappropriateness

Lack of Cultural Understanding

Misunderstandings of knowledge and history ends up causing cultural appropriateion and intrisnic qualities to the practionaer-patient relationship to take first president, leading to difficulties engaging

Cultural Inappropriateness

Wrong process used by practioners when engaging with Aboriginal youth

Why Approrpiatenes Of Introductions And Establishing Raport Is Important

Paramount that immediare person connection between therapist and ptient occurs

• Best way to do this is share geneology

Assessing Aboriginal Youth Outside Of Cultural Context Is Important For

• Preventing underdiagnosis, misdiagnosis and overdiagnosis

• Establisging whether identified symptoms impair the individual within both environments

• Helps triangulate data

Aboriginal beliefs Regarding Mental Ill Health

• Need to account for physical, mental, emotional, physical and cultural states of being

• Must resist utilising emotional labels framed with mainstream set of diagnostic critera

Inappropriate Use Of Cultural Consultant

This is when cultural consultat engage in inappropriate ways

• Opposite gender highlights a lack of undertsanding whether gender differences are minimised

Ways Cultural Consultants Engage Inappropriately

• Avoidant relationship with the patient

• Different rribal/language group to the patient

• When consultant is fueding with patients family

• Put people on the spot for a direct answer

Qualities Intrinsic To The Practioner-Patient Relationship

• cultural disparity between patient and practioner

• gender differences between patient and practioner

Solutions To Fix Practioner-Patient Relationship

• Use of culturally appropriate counselling techniques

• Incorporation Of PAtient Cultural Beliefs in Standard Practise

• Cultural Supervision

• Developing Information Regarding Culture-Specific Mental Health Problems (Culture specific mental health problems)

Incorporating Culturally Appropriate Treatment Options Within Interventions

1. Offering Aboriginal patients with the option of traditional methods of healing as primary treatment

2. Recognising and respecting traditional processes that exist for Aboriginal people to resolve menta health problems (traditional heirarchy of treatment for Aboeiginal ptients”

3. Facilitating traditional methods of healing through engaging with appropriate cultural healers and cultural consultants

Hierarchical Structure Of Aboriginal Problem Resolution: Implications for Treatment and Intervention

• Operating Outreach

• Referral Processes Of Services

• Evaluation of Cultural Competencies Within Service Dleivery

Hierarchical Structure Of Aboriginal Problem Resolution: Implications for Treatment and Intervention - Operating Outreach

Stigma for unwellness if arguably greater for Aboriginal people because of Aboriginal culture externally attributing to casuality

• Doing something culturally wrong leads to unwellness

• Comfort of familiar location and foreign settings impact. behavioural presnetation of Aboriginal patients

Hierarchical Structure Of Aboriginal Problem Resolution: Implications for Treatment and Intervention - Referral Processes Of Services

Predominantly recieved by a significant family or community member, otherwise referred to as traditional refferals

• others approach the heal on behalf of the unwell individuals

Heirarchial Structure Of Aboroginal Provlem Resolution: Implications for Treatment and Intervention - Evaluation Of Cultural Competencies Within Service Delivery

• Minimal standards of cultural competence that must be attained by all staff who work directly with aboriginal youth

• Do this by setting much needed benchmarks of efective practise within field