enzyme regulation

activators or inhibitors

enzyme modulators can be:

allosteric, substrate

… regulatory mechanism that undergoes conformational changes in response to modulator binding. binding of the modulator results in binding for the …

inactive, lower, active, higher

the T state is … with a … affinity to the substrate, the R state is … with a … affinity to the substrate

high substrate concentration, low substrate concentration

allosteric enzymes are in the R state with … in the T state when …

hyperbolic, sigmodial

activators cause the curve to be more … , inhibitors more …

reversible covalent

… regulation is when a modifying groups is added or a group is removed by a secondary enzyme

phosphorylation

covalent modification that acts on try, ser, thr, his

tyr, ser, thr, his

phosphorylation acts on the AA:

adenylylation

covalent modification that acts on tyr

tyr

adenylylation acts on AA:

myristoylation

covalent modification that acts on the alpha terminus

alpha terminus

myristoylation acts on AA:

ubiquitination

covalent modification that acts on lys

lys

ubiquitination acts on AA:

ADP-ribosylation

covalent modification that acts on arg, gln, cys, diphthamide (his)

arg, gln, cys, diphthamide (his)

ADP-ribosylation acts on AA:

methylation

covalent modification that acts on glu

glu

methylation acts on AA:

zymogens

enzyme inactive precursors

proenzymes

when enzyme precursors zymogens are cleaved they form

proteolytic cleavage

… regulation that breaks the bonds peptide bonds between AA or proteins. cleavage forms active protease enzyme, regulatory cascades to amplify signals. acts on zymogens → proenzymes

chymotrypsin regulation

… is dependant on PH where optimal acitivity is PH of 8, a regulation by proteolytic cleavage. activated by trp, non reversible