US History - Unit 4 - Labor Movements

Knights of Labor

One of the first major labor unions in the United States, founded in 1869. Open to all workers regardless of race, gender, or skill level. Wanted broad reforms: end child labor, equal pay, and an 8-hour day. Declined after being associated with the Haymarket Square bombing in 1886.

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

A national labor union founded in 1886 that focused on improving wages, hours, and working conditions. Led by Samuel Gompers; only allowed skilled workers. Focused on “Bread and Butter” issues (practical work improvements). Used strikes and collective bargaining effectively; became the most successful union of the era.

Homestead Steel Strike

A violent 1892 strike at Carnegie Steel’s Homestead plant in Pennsylvania. Happened after Carnegie’s managers cut wages and tried to break the union. Pinkerton guards were brought in; 15 people were killed. Turned public opinion against labor unions, painting them as violent.

Pullman Strike

A major 1894 railroad strike that shut down rail traffic nationwide. Began when the Pullman Company cut wages by 50% but kept rent high. President Grover Cleveland sent federal troops, and violence killed around 30–34 workers. Led to the creation of Labor Day as a national holiday.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

A deadly 1911 fire in a New York garment factory that exposed unsafe workplace conditions. 146 workers, mostly young immigrant women, died due to locked exits, narrow stairways, and no sprinklers. Became the most famous example of unsafe working conditions. Resulted in major reforms: fire codes, safety rules, and building inspections.

César Chávez

A Mexican American labor leader who fought for the rights of farm workers. Co-founded the United Farm Workers (UFW) in 1962 with Dolores Huerta. Used nonviolent protests, boycotts, and marches (inspired by MLK and Gandhi). Helped win better wages and safer working conditions for agricultural laborers; major figure in Latino civil rights.