bonding and properties

A=P=E M-A=N

A=P=E M-A=N

-Atomic number=Protons=Electrons -Mass Number-Atomic number=neutrons -mass number=atomic number+neutrons

in ion-electron equations, gain of electrons go on...

reaction side

in ion-electron equations, loss of electrons go on...

product side

Covalent molecular properties

-small molecules (discrete) -cannot conduct electricity-don't have any free particles which are free to move -fixed number of atoms -soluble(*like dissolves like) -low mp/bp -weak attractions between molecules

covalent network properties

-big -very strong -very high mp/bp (strong bonds must be broken) -insoluble -cannot conduct electricity(except graphite)-have to free electrons to carry charge -contain carbon(graphite, diamond), boron or silicone

structures

-tetrahedral -trigonal pyramidal -angular -linear

covalent bonds

-formed when two positive nuclei are held together by their common attraction for a shared pair of electrons -strong bond -non metals

ionic bond

force of attraction between the positive and negative ions (metals & non-metals)

properties of ionic compounds

-soluble in water + ionic substance -SOLIDS DON'T conduct electricity -liquid & molten conduct as ions are free to move

non-metal atoms will...

gain electrons to form negative ions

metal atoms will...

lose electrons to form positive ions

prefix rule

mon-1 di-2 tri-3 tetra-4 penta-5 hexa-6

Valency Rule

s-symbol v-valencies s-swap d-divide f-formula

single covalent bond

sharing 1 pair of outer electrons, H-H

double covalent bond

sharing 2 pairs of outer electrons, O=O

group ions

ions that contain more than type of atom

negative ions

-formed when non metal atoms gain electrons -atoms that gain electrons have more negative electrons than positive protons and so have a negative charge

positive ions

-formed when metal atoms lose electrons -atoms that lose electrons have more positive protons than negative electrons and so have a positive charge

ionic bond

-positive and negative ions are strongly attracted to each other, this is called electrostatic attraction -very strong bonds

ionic structure

-ionic compounds form a lattice structure of oppositely charged ions(held together by electrostatic forces) -all ionic compounds are solid at room temp. bc the ionic bonds in the lattice are very strong

ionic compound properties

-high mp/bp because strong bonds must be broken -dissolve in water and ionic solutions -solids DO NOT conduct -liquid/molten DO conduct as ions are free to move

when writing ionic formula

include charges