My test is this morning what else do i need to memorize

Firmicutes

Gram-positive bacteria (Staphlococcus, Bacillus)

Proteobacteria

Gram-negative bacteria (pseudomonas, E coli)

Terpenoids

hydrocarbon chains in archaea (from isoprene)

Ether links in archaea

hydrocarbons to glycerol

Hopanoids

reinforce cell membrane

Vancomycin

antibiotic; prevents cross-bridging by binding to terminal alanine dipeptide

Beta-lactamase

penicillin resistance; cleaves penicillin

Lipid A

in LPS; short chain fatty acid linked to glucosamine dimer

Core polysaccharide

in LPS; 5 sugars

O polysaccharide

in LPS; linked to core polysaccharide

Z ring

formed by FtsZ for cell septation

Replisome

DNA polymerase complexes; make DNA at each fork

How many DNA polymerases per replisome?

2 (leading + lagging)

End of replication

triggers Z-ring formation by FtsZ

Cocci arrangement

determined by septation orientation

Metachromatic granule

storage; inorganic phosphate (ADP → ATP)

Sulfur granules

oxidize H₂S → S⁰ (insoluble granules)

Lipid inclusion

storage; PHB (polyhydroxybutyrate)

Fastidious bacteria

need defined (synthetic, minimal) media

Log phase

most active/growth; cells enlarge

Late log phase

growth slows down

Death phase

exponential decline

Dormancy/persistence

growth arrested cells remain viable and provide energy

When are fed-batch cultures fed?

mid-log phase

Quorum sensing

cell communication triggering exopolysaccharide formation; cell density dependent and nutrient driven

Endospore forming bacteria:

Bacillus and Clostridium

Viroid effect

alters gene expression in plants

Viral shunt

viral infection turns hosts into organic/inorganic molecules

Virus that require RDRP

Group 3, 4, 5 (ds RNA, + ssRNA, - ssRNA)

Virus that use host RNA polymerase

Group 1, 2, and 6 (ds DNA, + ssDNA, retrovirus)

Lambda phage

temperate phages with lysogenic cycle

Prophage

temperate phage integrates into cell chromosome as a prophage

Virulent phage

only carry out lytic cycle (T4)

Genetic resistance

altered receptor proteins

Restriction endonucleases

cleave viral DNA sequences without methylation (bacterial DNA is methylated)

Tropism determined by

receptors on host cell

Internalized virions undergo

uncoating

Uncoating

genome is released from capsid

Assembly of new animal virions occurs in:

cytoplasm or nucleus

Envelope proteins (for enveloped viruses) are inserted into:

plasma membrane or organelle membrane

Release of animal virions from host via:

lysis or budding

animal DNA viruses use nucleus for:

genome replication and viral assembly.

animal DNA viruses use outside of nucleus for:

viral protein synthesis

animal RNA viruses:

only use outside of the nucleus

Papillomavirus

ds DNA; viral genome integration

Picornavirus

ss +RNA (rhinovirus, polio)

Retrovirus

enveloped; has 2 identical +RNA strands

Retrovirus infects:

T helper cells

Provirus

Retrovirus RNA → ds DNA integrated into host genome; may remain in latent state

Retrovirus exit

budding

Innate immunity

interferon (IF) produced by virus-infected cells

Interferon

induces production of anti-viral proteins in non-infected cells

Adaptive immunity

antibodies to virus (antigen interactions)

RNA interference

host expresses complimentary RNAs to viral genome to shut down expression