anth 311 primate diversity

adaptive radiation

• refers to evolutionary process by which a species diversifies to occupy different ecological niches

• leads to speciation and organisms become differentiated from one another and their common ancestor

  • HOW TO BECOME DIFF FROM ONE ANOTHER

what group is closed related to primates?

• dermoptera

  • ex: flying lemurs

locomotion of primates

• generalized limb structure

  • five fingers/toes

  • 4 limbs

    • pentadactyly - pick up things one hand, other hand can do other stuff

• fingerprints

• grasping extremities

• nails rather than claws

  • some primates do have claws so do not assume all primates have nails

what is different between primate feet to humans?>

• human foot is an exception

• does not have grasping toes compared to primates

suspensory

• seen in larger primates

• due to weight → branch cannot support

generalized fingers vs specialized fingers in primates

primate characteristic: sensory adaptations

• enhanced visual apparatus

• forward facing eyes - stereoscopic vision (overlapping visual fields)

• adapted for life in complex 3D habits

• reduced reliance on olfaction - smell

  • IF ANIMAL HAS ORBITS ENCLOSED BY BONE IT IS A PRIMATE SINCE IT PRIORTIZES VISION

primate characteristic: slow life history

• mice have fast life history

• large litters

• little parental care

• rapid developments

• short lifespans

• opposite pattern in primates!

primate characteristic: large, complex brains

• large brains relative to body size compared to mammals

big neocortex

• responsible for cognitive abilities such as reasonings

• link between large brain size, sociality, and learning

• in primates, the neocortex makes up 50-80% of the brain’s total volume

primate characteristic: dental adaptations

• generalized dental pattern

  • related to omnivory

• heterodont: having different tooth shapes

• 32-36 teeth

• but some dental specializations to reflect diet

primate origins

• arboreal hypothesis:

  • primate traits useful in complex 3D environment

• visual predation hypothesis

  • primate traits useful for predation

• angiosperm co-evolution hypothesis

  • primate traits useful for grasping fruits and flowers - mutually beneficial relationship

    • primates help spread seeds by eating and pooping out

strepsirrhines

• bushbabies

• lorises and pottos

• lemurs

distinguishing features of strepsirrhines

• long muzzle with moist nose

• tapetum lucidum (causes eye shine)

• orbits not fully enclosed in bone

• two part mandible - lower jaw

• toilet grooming claw on second toe

• tooth comb in lower jaw

behavioural characterisitcs of lemurs (strepsirrhines)

• nocturnal or diurnal

• solitary and gregarious

• arboreal and terrestrial

• mainly frugivorous

behavioural characteristics of lorises and galagos (strepsirrhines)

• nocturnal

• often solitary

• arboreal

• feed on gum, sap, nectar, insects

haplorhines

• tarsiers

• new world monkeys

• old world monkeys

• apes

anthropoids

• monkeys and apes

haplorrhine characteristics

• derived from streps - approx 63 mya

• larger brains relative to body size

• orbits fully enclosed by obone

• dry noses

• mostly diurnal

• no vitamin C production - streps produce this

tarsiers charactersistics

• nocturnal

• arboreal

• no tapetum - eye shine

• nostrils separated from mouth by dry upper lip

• orbit encased in bone

• eats insects and small vertebrates

• some solitary, pair bonded, some groups

what primates are part of prosimians

• lemurs and lorises

• tarsiers

what primates are part of anthropoidea

• new world monkeys

• old world monkeys

• apes

tarsiiformes

• part of prosimians group

• only tarsiers

  • hence the tarsi part of the name

platyrrhini

• only new world monkeys

• part of haplorhini and Anthropoidea

catarrhini

• old world monkeys

• apes

• part of haplorhini and anthropoidea

antropoidea features

• monkeys, apes, humans

• reduced muzzle

• dry nose

• nails on all digits

• complete bony eye orbit

• fused lower jaw - to eat harder food

platyrrhines

• new world monkeys

  • cebidae

  • pitheciidae

  • atelidae

  • callitrichidae

  • aotidae

new world monkey characteristics

• some have prehensile tail

• 3 molars (2.1.3.3)

• all arboreal

old world monkey dental formula

• 2.1.2.3

platyrrhines behavioural charactersitics

• all diurnal except Aotus (owl monkey)

• arboreal (almost exclusively)

• social systems and diet vary between species

  • smaller bodied new world monkeys = Callitrichidae

    • some pair bonded some polyandrous

    • twins

    • eat gum

  • larger bodied new world monkeys

    • multimale-multifemale or one male units

    • frugivores and folivores

cercopithecoidea

• old world monkeys

• part of catarrhini

hominoidea

• apes

• part of caterrhini

platyrrhini vs catarrhini (new world monkeys vs old world monkeys)

• platyrrhines

  • broad nostrils

  • three molars

  • no ear tube

  • 2.1.3.3

• catarrhines

  • two premolars

  • ear tube

  • narrow nostrils

  • 2.1.2.3

catarrhines characterisitcs

• 2 premolars

• all diurnal

• arboreal or terrestrial

• ischial callosities in some (pads in gluteal region)

• social systems and diet vary

cercopithecoidea major groups

• colobines

• cercopithercines

• both diurnal, arboreal, terretrial, and gregarious

colobines

• morphological characteristics

  • special stomach to aid in digestion of low quality food

    • longer guts = bigger stomach

• behavioural charactistics

  • mostly arboreal

  • mostly folivores

cercopithecines

• morphological characteristics

  • cheek pouches - food storage

• behavioural characteristics

  • diet and social systems vary

  • both arboreal and terrestrial

  • female philopatry and strong FF bonds

hominoidea

• all apes including humans

• gibbons

• organutations

• gorillas

• chimps and bonobos

hominoidea characteristics

• behavioural

  • gregarious - except orang

  • mostly frugivores - except gorillas

  • arboreal and terrestrial

  • exhibit diversity of social systems

morphology between old world monkey (cercopithecoid) and ape (hominoid)

• OWM

  • scaoula on side of rib cage

  • narrow deep rib cage

  • collarbone oriented downward

• Ape

  • scapula on back of rib cage

  • broad shallow rib cage

  • collarbone oriented backward

Great ape phylogeny

• in order left to right

  • Gibbons

  • Orangutans

  • Gorillas

  • Chimps

  • Bonobos

  • Humans

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