APHGU5

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4 agricultural hearths

Fertile Crescent in SW Asia, South Asia, North Central America and Mexico, and E+W Africa.

agribusiness

A business in the agriculture industry, managing all aspects of food.

agricultural biodiversity

Having several types of organisms in an area

agricultural hearth

An area where a practice or crop originated

agricultural landscape

The land used for agriculture

agriculture

The growing of crops and raising of animals

agroecosystem

a agriculture system with plants, animals, humans, and the env.

aquifer

water reserve underground

bid-rent theory

when land is cheap, more is bought and less invested into. when land is expensive, less is bought but more labor is put into it

biodiversity

variety of life

biotechnology

using organisms to make tech and items

cash crop

a crop that is grown for money

central business district

the core area of a city where the most activity takes place

climate regions

a region with similar temperatures, rainfall, and wind

clustered settlement

group of people living closely together

Columbian exchange

The exchange of goods from Europe and Africa to the Americas. Includes foods, animals, and ideas.

commercial agriculture

Commonly large scale farms focused on making food for profit

commodity chain

The chain from when the product is made to a consumer

crop rotation

Rotating crops commonly per year in hopes of using nutrients in the soil more efficiently.

debt for nature swap

Commonly peripheral countries that owe debt to other countries. Those countries state that they will wave off some debt, but in return, they need to not develop some land.

Deforestation

Destroying forests quick enough to the point where they don’t regenerate fast enough

Dispersed settlement

Having people being far away from each other, living sometimes hundreds of miles away.

Domestication

Taking wild animals and plants, and reproducing them to make them better for our benefit

Dual agricultural economy

Combo of subsistence farming and commercial farming.

Economy of scale

The more you make of something, the cheaper it gets

Enclosure system

Farmland with fencing.

Extensive agriculture

Using less labor, but more land for farming

Fair trade

System that tries for better prices and working conditions for farmers who sell their goods.

Farm subsidies

Government payments to farms in case of a bad season to keep them going

Fertile Crescent

Region in the ME which is commonly considered the birthplace of agriculture, due to fertile soil and early settlement.

First agricultural revolution

Transition from foraging to farming 12 to 11 thousand years ago.

Food desert

Area with limited opportunities to get proper food that is affordable

Food security

knowing when your next meal is

food insecurity

not knowing when your next meal is

Foragers

People looking to hunt for food.

GMO

Genetically modified organism, modifying a organisms DNA in hopes of “Better” food.

Global supply chain

Network of businesses, org’s, and people to make up the movement of goods to consumers.

Green Revolution

Period of rapid development in the mid 20th century with development of better crops and tech to help create more food, but negatively affected our environment and social

Hybrid

Combining two different parents instead of one in plants and animals

Infrastructure

The buildings required for agriculture

Intensive agriculture

Using less land, but more labor to farm

Linear settlement

People usually living along a straight line like a road

Market gardening

Type of intensive agriculture, focusing on small amounts of high value crop to be sold

Mediterranean agriculture

Agri. adopted to the area, which is hot and dry, and mild, wet winters. Usually grows olives, grapes, and citrus fruits.

Mixed crop and livestock system

Incorporating crops and livestock into a single farm

Monocropping

Only growing 1 type of crop

Monoculture

Growing 1 type of crop that is changed when time comes

Nomadic herding

Where people move animals in look of nutrients

Pastoral nomadism

Subsistence economy where people rely on raising livestock for their lives

Plantation agriculture

Agriculture where large-scale farms are used to grow cash crops

Precision agriculture

Using tech (GPS, sensors, data analysis, AI) to precisely manage a field, and optimizing it for max profits.

Reservoirs

Like a backup, ex. a water reservoir underground

Salinization

Buildup of salt in soil, making it harder for life to live there

2nd agricultural revolution

18th-20th century, with advancements in mechanization, fertilizers, and selective breeding, increase food production and increasing farmers efficiency

Shifting cultivation

Moving fields every couple of years to provide plants with proper nutrients, and to let the fields that were previously used to regenerate their own

Slash and burn

Burning down forests in return of them giving their nutrients to the soil

Subsistence agriculture

Growing food for your family, to keep them alive, non-profit

Tariff

A tax

Terracing

Creating “Steps” on a hill for farming to conserve water and prevent soil erosion

3rd agricultural revolution

Using precision agriculture, genetic engineering, and biotech to improve food production.

Transhumance

Movement of livestock between areas, following changing climates for the best food

Vertical intergration

Controlling several stages of food production and distribution in a single company

Von Thunen model

A model that predicts land use patterns around a city. Extensive agriculture more on the outer circle, intensive more in

Wetland

A area with lots of water for long periods