Nurs 299 Exam 1 Study Cards

Nurses play an active role in __________ individuals to make their own informed decisions about health care.

Empowering

Which way does a nurse best demonstrate culturally competent care?

Adapting nursing care to meet the needs of an ethnic group

How does a nurse build a positive nurse-person relationship?

- Establish open comunicaition

- Be nonjudgmental

- Be respectful

- Give confidence

What is the monitoring system that controls and accommodates responses to behavior?

Feedback

Health definition (Ch.1)

The state of physical, mental, spiritual, and social functioning that realizes a persons potential and is experienced within a developmental context. It is both individual and societal responsibility

What are the 3 levels of prevention?

Primary, secondary, and tertiary

What is the newest level of prevention and how does it work?

Primordial Prevention- Aimed at affecting health before at-risk lifestyle behaviors are adopted

What is an example of primordial prevention?

Healthy eating school based programs, reduction of sodium in food supply, and creating bike/walking paths

What level of prevention is Health Promotion an example of?

Primary prevention

What are the 6 stages of change?

Precontemplative, contemplative, preparation, action, maintenance, and relapse (PC PAM R)

Precontemplative stage

Not considering change and unaware of the problem

Contemplative stage

aware but not considering change soon

Preparation stage

planning to change and intends to take action

Action stage

has begun to make behavioral change (recent) and practices the desired behavior

Maintenance stage

Continued commitment to behavior (long term) and working to sustain the behavior

Relapse stage

Reverting back to old behavior

Clinical model of health

Absence of signs and symptoms of disease, prevention is not emphasized

What is an example of the clinical health model?

Waiting until very sick to go to the doctor

Eudomonistic model of health

- Emphasis on interaction and interrelationships in multiple aspects of life

- Holistic value of care

- Mind, body, soul of the patient

What is an example of secondary prevention?

Going to a covid-19 testing site to determine if you are positive for covid-19

Nursing roles: Advocate

Help individuals obtain what they are entitled to receive through the health care system, making sure they are receiving the highest quality of care, and maintaining quality and safety

Nursing roles: Care Manager

Making sure the patient doesn't receive duplicate services, reducing costs

Nursing roles: Consultant

Provide knowledge about health promotion ex.)a nurse providing a patient with a pamphlet about breast cancer

Nursing roles: Deliverer of Services

Delivery of direct services, vaccines

Nursing roles: Educator

Teaching some sort of health care to an individual

Nursing roles: Healer

Helps individuals integrate and balance the various parts of their lives

Nursing roles: Researcher

Evidence based practice

Healthy People 2030 Goal #1

Attain healthy, thriving live and well-being free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death

Health People 2030 Goal #2

Eliminate health disparities, achieve health equity an attain health literacy to improve the health and well-being of all

Healthy People 2030 Goal #3

Create social, physical, and economic environments that promote attaining the full potential for health and well-being for all

Healthy People 2030 Goal #4

Promote healthy development, healthy behaviors and well-being across all life stages

Health People 2030 Goal #5

Engage leadership, key constituents, and the public across multiple sectors to take action and design policies that improve the health and well-being of all

High-level wellness

- Sense of well-being, life satisfaction, and quality of life

- Lifestyle (pattern of behaviors) that enhances our level of health

Health Disparities (Ch.2)

- Obstacles commonly based on racial or ethnic group, religion, socioeconomic status, gender, age, mental health, disability, sexual orientation or gender identity, and geographical location

- Scenario where health outcomes differ between populations

Health equity

- The accomplishment of the highest level of health for all people

- Goal: Healthy People 2030- One goal is to eliminate health disparity

Transcultural nursing

- Defined as an area of nursing study and practice that focuses on discovering and explaining cultural factors that influence the health, well-being, illness or death of individuals and groups

What do nurses practice while using transcultural nursing?

Adapting nursing care to meet the needs of a person from an ethnic minority

Arab Americans

- Teenage smoking

- Male-dominated

- Family-oreinted

- Present oriented

- Religious

Arab Americans Health Concerns

Adult onset diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, mental health, role of acculturation

Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders

- Hesitancy to seek early diagnosis/screening

- Non-compliant

- Family is important, respect for elders

- Use of folk medicine

Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Health Concerns

Mental health problems due to adjustment issues, lower rate of obesity, hypertension, high rate of TB

Hawaiian and Pacific Islanders

- Prevalent diseases; HIV, hep B,TB

- Approach health from holistic perspective

- Alcoholism

Hawaiian and Pacific Islanders Health Concerns

High rate of obesity and diabetes, high in smoking, alcoholism

Latino/Hispanic Americans

- Religion plays a key role

- Hot and cold concept of disease

- Family is very important

- Illness due to supernatural and psychological force

- Highest rate of uninsured individuals

Latino/Hispanic Americans Health Concerns

High rates in obesity, cardiovascular disease, stomach cancer

Blacks/African Americans

- Centered on family and religion

- Churches and prayer are important in promoting health

- Community based

Blacks/African Americans Health Concerns

Higher rates of covid-19 (due to high rates in heart disease, lung disease, and diabetes), cancer, HIV, hypertension, obesity, homocide

Native Americans and Alaskan Natives

- Difficult access to care

- Take one day at a time

- Health exists when person is in harmony with nature

- Traditional health practices are important (respect patients culture)

Native Americans and Alaskan Natives Health Concerns

Smoking and substance abuse, high risk and poor outcomes with covid-19, especially Navajo Nation (2nd behind Blacks/African Americans)

LGBTQ

- Some states deny coverage for gender affirming care

- Healthy People 2030 focuses on the youth and objectives to lower rates in bullying and drug use, and offer mental health services

poverty and homelessness

Mental illness, substance abuse, food insecurity, violence/injury, and poor access to care

Veterans: mental illness, substance abuse, and poverty

What are the causes of homelessness?

- Changing housing markets- shortage of affordable housing

- Poor health (cause and effect of homelessness)

- Poverty, unemployment, decline in public assistance

- substance abuse, domestic violence, mental illness

Homeless persons health concerns

basic survival issues, pneumonia, TB and HIV, dental and vision problems, mental health issues, and substance abuse

Immigrants and refugees

- Ineligibility for Medicaid

- Fear of deportation and or accessing available care

- Acute and chronic health issues depending on country of origin

- Language and cultural barriers

- Folk remedies commonly used

What is the fastest growing minority?

Asian Americans

Race

Associated with power and privilege disparities, social injustice and prejudice

ex.) more broad (Asian)

Ethnicity

Commonalities of culture (language, history, customs, geographical origin, religion, or ancestry)

ex.) more direct (Filipino)

Values

- Belief about the worth of something

- Standards which influence behavior and thinking

-Evolves with time

Community health promotion

- Giving information to a group if individuals

- Ex.) vaccine clinic

- Increasing access to healthy foods and physical activity opportunities

Indivdiual health promotion

- Individualized to singular client

- Ex.) person wants to lose weight so a nurse provides information on how to do that

Key health concepts

Functioning, health, disease, and illness

What minority group has the highest rate or uninsured persons?

Latino/Hispanic Americans

What is the second largest minority group behind Latino/Hispanic Americans?

Black/African Americans

Health Promotion (Grodner)

- Strategies used to increase the level of health of individuals, families, groups, and communities

- Targets and goals for approving the health of all/the nation

Nutrients (Grodner)

- Sufficient amounts of all nutrients needed for efficient functioning and maintenance

Hypoglycemia causes

Skipping meals, too much insulin, engaging in too much exercise

Hypoglycemia symptoms

Fatigue, anxiety, pale skin, erratic behavior, hunger, trembling, cranky

Dimensions of health: Physical (Grodner)

Efficient body functioning

Dimensions of health: Intellectual (Grodner)

Use of intellectual abilities, well-functioning brain and nervous system

Dimensions of health: Emotional (Grodner)

Ability to control emotions

Dimensions of health: Social (Grodner)

Ability to interact and create relationships with other individuals, process or maintaining relationships with others through the choices we make, and accepting consequences and benefits from those choices

Dimensions of health: Spiritual (Grodner)

Different Beliefs of an individual, process of discovering the meaning and purpose in life

Dimensions of health: Environment (Grodner)

External factors that impact living and work settings

What are values? Types? (Ch.4)

Definition: qualities, principles, attitudes, beliefs about worth

Types:

- Active: values a person physically acts out

- Cognitive: verbal and intellectually expressed

What affects values?

They are affected by life events and social processes

What are the key components to building a therapeutic relationship with a patient?

- Knowing each other

- Reciprocity: the patterning of similar activities within the same interval by 2 people who can facilitate communication

- Respect and confidence

- Most important: ESTABLISH OPEN COMMUNICATION

Self-awareness: step 1

1. Listening to oneself: Attention to emotions, thoughts, memories, and reactions

Self-awareness: step 2

2. Listening to and learning from others: Feedback-reflection is important and integration of feedback can alter ineffective behavior

Self-awareness: step 3

3. Self-disclosure: Appropriate sharing of self knowledge, reciprocal interaction (mutual exchange)

Self-awareness: step 4

Practical reflection: Enhances understanding events and corrective action

What is the main goal of reciprocity?

Effective listening, listen to the patients needs and concerns

Reflection definition

Say (repeat) what they said to understand (you said...)

Feedback definition

Self-reflection, trying to understand the situation by giving yourself feedback (from nurse pov)

Therapeutic techniques

1. Focusing on individual

2. Helping person to clarify context/meaning

- Prompt further description/data, Goal: help person describe problem and solve together

3. Reflection

- Selective paraphrasing/repetition, Goal: emphasize, summarize, elicit information

Stages of therapeutic relationships

Orientation: establish connection -> consistency, active listening, concern/warmth

Working Phase: nurse/person partners in promoting health -> goals are set

Termination Phase: end of therapeutic contract -> can cause anxiety

Culturally Competent Care (Ch.6)

- Delivered with knowledge of and sensitivity to cultural factors influencing health behavior

- Respects underlying personal and cultural reality of individual

- Often complex cultural patterns are transmitted down for generations

A D PIE

Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Intervention, Evaluation

A D PIE: Assessment

Biographical data and purpose for visit

A D PIE: Diagnosis

Problem, etiology (cause of disease or condition), defining characteristics

A D PIE: Planning

Project outcomes, prescribe interventions, work with client or a plan

A D PIE: Intervention

Actions necessary to fulfill the goals for optimal health

A D PIE: Evaluation

Analyze changes experienced by individual, examine relationship between the nurse and individual

Health education definition (Ch.10)

Any combination of planned learning experiences on sound theories that provide individual, groups, and communities the opportunity to acquire the info and skills needed to make quality health decisions

Key components to health education

- Teaching-learning strategies

- Learners maintain voluntary control to change

- Focus on behavior change to improve health

What are the goals/objectives of health education?

Goal: Help individuals and communities achieve optimal health (via their own actions)

Obj:

1. Change health behaviors-> encourage positive, informed changes in lifestyle and empower the individual

2. Improve health status-> prevent acute and chronic disease, decrease disability, and enhance wellness

Health literacy

Degree to which individuals have capacity to obtain (understand) health info to make appropriate decision

- Nurses have a key role in promoting health literacy

- Majority of persons have deficient health literacy

Health disparities (Ch.10)

- Systemic (avoidable) health differences that adversely affect socially disadvantaged groups

- A social justice lens can identify the structural cause of targeted health disparities

Empowerment

Belief one can make a difference in ones health

- Giving a client the tools and involving him.her in the decision

What to take into consideration when planning successful health education:

- Developmental Stage

- Cognitive level

- Individual interests

- Children need special planning

Health belief model

- Based on a persons experiences

- Predicting and explaining health behavior