HGAP chapter 10

Derwent Whittlesey

Identifies 11 main agricultural regions

5 LDC subsistence agriculture

pastoral nomadism, shifting cultivation, Intensive subsistence: rice & not rice, plantation, and transhumance

6 MDC commercial agriculture

Mixed crops and livestock, dairying, grain, livestock ranching, mediterranean, and commercial gardening

Crop Hearths

SW asia, SE asia, Africa, and Meso America

First Ag Revolution

stopped hunting and gathering, used simple tools, gender roles, crop hearths, animal domestication

Second Ag Revolution

simple machines, von thunen model, new fertilizers, new high crop fields, crop rotations, FOOD SUPLUS

Crop rotation

op rotation is the practice of planting different crops sequentially on the same plot of land to improve soil health, optimize nutrients in the soil, and combat pest and weed pressure.

Third Ag revolution

science w/ technology, biotechnology, high yield seeds, pesicicdes, chemical fertilizers, refrigeration, and GMO

Primary economic activities

extracting natural resources

Secondary economic activites

raw natural resources and materials becoming products that consumers can buy

Aquaculture

raising seafood under regulated conditions

Assumptions of Von Thunen Model

market is central isolated starte, surrounded by forest, flat land, soil and climate are even and consistent , farmers try to maximize profits

Vertical Integration

When the business owns all the means of production

Center Pivet irrigation

A sprinkler irrigation system that applies small amount of water at frequent intervals

Why do we still follow colonial ag patterns?

Developing countries still provide much of the world’s secondary labor- neocolonialism 

Industrial agriculture

not a lot of workers needed , influential world wide because of trade

Loss of arable land

leads to increased fertilizer use

Columbian exchange

Americas to Europe, Africa, Asia: tobacco and thanksgiving foods

Europe, Africa, Asia to Americas": diseases like small pox, grapes, citrus fruits , grains, cattle

Fertile Crescent

wheat, rye, barley oats, olives; diffused to northern and Eastern Africa, europe and Middle East

SE asia

taro, mango, coconut; East Indies , India

E Asia

rice, soybeans; Korea Japan

Central America

Maize, potato, squash, peppers; N america and S ameria

Subsaharan Africa

Yams, sorghum, coffee; Southern Africa

Where does subsistence farming take place?

Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and parts of South and Central America,

Green revolution

Increased fertilizer use, it has least impacted subsaharan Africa

Where doees livestock ranching occur?

Drylands of WNameria, SE latin ameria, Central Asia, subsaharan Africa, S Pacific

Ranching vs. CAFOS ( feedlots)

Feedlots are cheaper to raise cattle on than ranches, but way dirtier!

CAFOS

Concentrated Animal feeding Operation

Global Food production

Specialty Ag, increases country GNI ( gross national income) by export sales, NA has fewest people involved in AG, Value added foods are in agricultural countries

Advances of the Eat Local Movement

Helps preserve local and small-scale farmland, cuts down on carbon footprint, sustainable practices like wind power/ solar panels, humane treatment of animals, supports LOCAVORE

LOCAVORE movement

A person eating food that is locally produced to help support local community. Local food is food consumed w/in 100 miles

Neocolonialism

The form of economic control over a former colony; “ Neo-colonialism”; plantations

Meat production in US and Canada

Chicken is cheapest meat due to agribusiness and vertical integration; both countries produce and consume meat

Commodity chains

A process used by firms to gather resources , transform them into goods or commodities, and finally distribute them to consumers

Commodity chains impact on consumers

Drought leads to higher grain prices

Tilling

Prepare and cultivate land for crops

Inter-tillage

Act of tilling between rows of crop plants

Intercropping

Growing a crop among plants of a different kind, usually in the space between rows.

Environmental Impacts of Agriculture

Habitat loss, water quality, increased wetlands, diseases, soil quality, air quality

Bid-Rent Theory

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The bid rent theory is a geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the central business district (CBD) increases.

Wheat was probably first domesticated in

Southwest Asia because wheat was first domesticated in Turkey

domesticated

take career of/ cultivated

Central Mexico was a hearth for

Corn / Maize

Terracing

make or form (__sloping__ land) into a number of level flat areas __resembling__ a series of steps.

Green Revolution

The Green Revolution refers to the use of modern science to grow large quantities of food.

Von Thünen emphasized which of the following factors in his model of agricultural land use?

Land costs and transportation costs

The farther a dairy farm is from a large urban area the lower the percentage of output devoted to fresh milk. This phenomenon occurs primarily because

Fresh milk spoils faster than other dairy products

Grain raised in the United States is used today primarily for

Animal Feed

One would find more chicken production in the American South than in the American Midwest due to

the southern climate being better suited for chickens than the northern climate

Which one of the following statements does NOT correctly describe plantations?

They satisfy a demand in temperate regions for tropical crops like sugar, bananas, or coffee\\

The most important reason why most people in North China grow crops other than wet rice is

Climate

Which of the following pairs of agricultural types occupies the largest percentage of the world’s total land area?

Shifting cultivation and nomadic herding

All of the following are aspects of commercial agriculture EXCEPT

there is little relationship to other businesses

Which of the following statements are true about drug crops impact on food supply?

Drug crops use up arable land that could be used for food

Climate for Plantation farming

tropical or sub-tropical

arid

very dry

soil salinization

Salinization is the process by which water-soluble salts accumulate in the soil. Salinization is a resource concern because excess salts hinder the growth of crops by limiting their ability to take up watercauses ; loss in soil fertility and leads to desertification of agriland

Transnational

extending or operating across national boundarie

Agribusiness

; it is a set of economic and political relationships that organize food production from the development of the seed to the retailing and consumption of the agricultural product.

How do plants and animals diffuse?

Plants and animals were domesticated in each hearth independently without influence or diffusion of domestication and agricultural practices from other hearths.

Why have many family farms in North America been replaced by agribusiness farms since the 1980s?

Agribusiness farms have the resources to take advantage of economies of scale. Large agribusiness farms are generally better able to invest resources in technology such as computerized farm equipment. As farm size increases, the average cost per unit of production generally decreases. This allows agribusiness farms to take advantage of economies of scale.