Biological Macromolecules

These flashcards cover key concepts related to biological macromolecules, focusing on the four types of macromolecules, their structures, functions, and specific tests related to carbohydrates.

What are the 4 macromolecules found in biology?

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.

What are polymers made of?

Polymers are made of monomers, except lipids.

What is dehydration synthesis?

A reaction that links monomers together to form polymers.

What is hydrolysis?

A digestion process that breaks polymers down into individual monomers.

What are the monomers of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides, with two bonded together being called disaccharides, and a polymer of carbohydrates is called polysaccharides.

How does the body digest sugars?

The body digests sugars based on their structure and glycemic index.

What is the purpose of Benedict's test?

To test for simple reducing sugars.

What is Lugol's test used for?

To test for polysaccharides.

What distinguishes saturated fats from unsaturated fats?

Saturated fats have no double bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds.

What is the main function of steroids?

Cell to cell communication and signaling.

What components make up a phospholipid?

A glycerol backbone, two fatty acid tails, and a phosphate group.

How do lipids differ from other macromolecules?

Lipids do not form polymer chains and are hydrophobic.

What is the role of glycogen in humans compared to starches in plants?

Glycogen serves as an energy reserve in animals, while starch serves a similar function in plants.

Why are the structures of starch and cellulose different?

Starch serves as an energy molecule while cellulose serves as a structural building material.