Period 7A - Progressive Movement, Imperialism, and World War I

Progressive Movement

Movement to correct the evils of the Gilded Age, including poverty, business and political corruption, child labor, poor living conditions, and moral concerns like alcoholism and a lack of rights for women.

Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909)

Republican President and veteran of the Spanish-American War. Considered the first progressive President who earned a reputation as a "Trust-Buster" and supported a "Square Deal" for the American people.

Muckraker

Journalists, cartoonists, photographers, and authors who exposed the evils of the Gilded Age in order to persuade the government to engage in progressive reforms. Examples include Upton Sinclair, Ida Tarbell, Thomas Nast, Jacob Riis, and Lincoln Steffens.

16th Amendment

Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income.

17th Amendment

Amendment that established direct election of senators

18th Amendment

Amendment that prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

19th Amendment

Amendment that extended the right to vote (suffrage) to women

21st Amendment

Amendment which ended Prohibition

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

Law signed by President Benjamin Harrison meant to prevent the formation of monopolies and trusts, allowing the government to prosecute corporations and break them up if they limit competition in the market.

Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921)

Democratic President and progressive leader who promised the American people a "New Freedom". Passed progressive legislation that lowered tariffs, protected unions, and created the Federal Reserve.

Upton Sinclair

Muckraker who wrote The Jungle, exposing unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry

The Meat Inspection Act

Law passed under Theodore Roosevelt that required meatpacking facilities to maintain sanitary conditions and hold inspections

Pure Food and Drug Act

Law passed under Theodore Roosevelt that required labels on food and drugs.

Ida Tarbell

Muckraker who wrote The History of the Standard Oil Company, exposing the corrupt business practices of John Rockefeller

Lincoln Steffens

Muckraker who wrote The Shame of Cities, exposing political corruption in American cities.

Jacob Riis

Muckraking photographer who took pictures of immigrant living conditions

Lewis Hines

Muckraking photographer who took pictures of child working conditions

Clayton Antitrust Act

1914 law that strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act and supported unions

Underwood Tariff

Law passed by Woodrow Wilson to lower tariffs

Federal Reserve Act

1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply

Great Migration

Movement of African Americans from the South to the North for jobs and civil rights

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

Prohibition

Period from 1920 to 1933 when the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States by the 18th Amendment

Temperance Movement

An organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption

W.E.B. DuBois

First African American to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910.

Ida B. Wells

African-American journalist who led the fight against lynching

Marcus Garvey

African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and believed in Pan Africanism.

Booker T. Washington

African American who tolerated segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality. Principal of the Tuskegee Institute.

New South

Idea that the South should industrialize after the Civil War. Despite calls for industrialization, sharecropping and tenant farming persisted in the South

Spanish-American War

1898 war between Spain and the United States. U.S. wins, gaining Cuba, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico.

Philippine Insurrection

1899-1903 guerrilla war fought by Filipino rebels against American colonial rule in the Philippines after the Spanish-American War. Led to the killing of more than 200,000 Filipino's.

Panama Canal

Canal connecting the Atlantic and the Pacific. U.S. builds after President Roosevelt supports the Panamanian revolution against Columbia.

Big Stick Diplomacy

Diplomacy of TR, hinges on building up military strength, protecting American interests in Latin America, and being ready to intimidate and bully other countries if necessary.

Dollar Diplomacy

Diplomacy of William Howard Taft, hinging on replacing bullets with dollars. Rely upon economic strength to protect American interests, not building up military strength.

Roosevelt Corollary

TR policy supporting American intervention in Latin America to ensure stability and protection of American interests.

Moral Diplomacy

Diplomacy of Woodrow Wilson, dedicated to promoting democracy and human rights.

World War I

War fought primarily in Europe from 1914-1918

Lusitania

Ship sunk by a German submarine, resulting in the death of many Americans. Led to increasing anti-German sentiment in the U.S.

Zimmerman Note

German telegram to Mexico, encouraging them to go to war against the United States. In response, Wilson asks Congress to enter World War I and declare war on Germany.

Allied Powers (Triple Entente)

WWI alliance consisting of the United Kingdom, France, and Russia. The U.S. eventually joins in 1917.

Central Powers

WWI alliance consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire.

Unrestricted submarine warfare

Tactic used by Germany during World War I, whereby they attacked and sunk any ship bound for one of their enemies. Strongly opposed by the U.S.

War bonds

Loans that citizens make to their governments in order to pay for war. They are paid back after the war with interest.

Rationing

The process of conserving food or resources

Wilson's 14 Points

Wilson speech and goals of Wilson after World War I to promote world peace. Recommended an end to imperialism, open negotiations, and the creation of the League of Nations.

League of Nations

International organization created after World War I to prevent another world war by promoting diplomatic solutions to disputes. Weakened by the U.S. choosing not to join.

Imperialism

When a stronger country takes over a weaker one, expanding its territory and power.