judiciary banch

activist approach

The view that judges should discern the general principles underlying laws or the Constitution and apply them to modern circumstances.

amicus curiae

A brief submitted by a "friend of the court."

brief

A written statement by an attorney that summarizes a case and the laws and rulings that support it.

class-action suit

A case brought by someone to help both himself or herself and all others who are similarly situated.

concurring opinion

A signed opinion in which one or more members agree with the majority view but for different reasons

constitutional court

A federal court authorized by Article Ill of the Constitution that keeps judges in office during good behavior and prevents their salaries from being reduced. They are the Supreme Court (created by the Constitution) and appellate and district courts created by Congress.

courts of appeals

Federal courts that hear appeals from district courts; no trials

dissenting opinion

A signed opinion in which one or more justices disagree with the majority view.

district court

The lowest federal courts; federal trials can be held only here.

diversity cases

Cases involving citizens of different states who can bring suit in federal courts.

federal-question cases

Cases concerning the Constitution, federal laws, or treaties.

fee shifting

A rule that allows a plaintiff to recover costs from the defendant if the plaintiff wins.

informa pauperis

A method whereby a poor person can have his or her case heard in federal court without charge.

judicial restraint approach

The view that judges should decide cases strictly on the basis of the language of the laws and the Constitution.

judicial review

The power of courts to declare laws unconstitutional

legislative courts

Courts created by Congress for specialized purposes whose judges do not enjoy the protections of Article Ill of the Constitution.

litmus test

An examination of the political ideology of a nominated judge.

opinion of the Court

A signed opinion ofa majority of the Supreme Court.

per curiam opinion

A brief, unsigned court opinion.

plaintiff

The party that initiates a lawsuit.

political question

An issue the Supreme Court will allow the executive and legislative Dranches to decide.

remedy

Ajudicial order enforcing a right or redressing a wrong.

sovereign immunity

The rule that a citizen cannot sue the government without the government's consent.

standing

A legal rule stating who is authorized to start a lawsuit.

stare decisis

"Let the decision stand," or allowing prior rulings to control the current case.

writ of certiorari

An order by a higher court directing a lower court to send up a case for review.