Mani/Pedi Quiz

Anatomy

The study of the structure of organisms and their parts

Physiology

The study of the functions and activities performed by the human body

Natural Nail (Onyx)

A hard but flexible structure made of keratin; appears whitish and translucent with a pink hue

Keratin

A protein that makes up the natural nail

Nail Growth (Fingernails)

Grow about 3–4 mm per month and take 4–6 months to regrow

Nail Growth (Toenails)

Grow slower than fingernails and take 9–18 months to regrow

Factors Affecting Nail Growth

Age, gender, health, climate, medication, diet, hydration

Healthy Nail

Whitish, translucent, pink hue, flexible, semi-permeable, 15–25% water content

Cuticle

Dead tissue attached to nail plate that seals and prevents bacteria entry

Nail Bed

Living skin under nail plate; pink due to blood supply

Nail Plate

Visible nail made of keratin; about 100 layers of cells

Free Edge

Part of nail extending past fingertip

Nail Matrix (Root)

Produces nail cells; damage causes deformities

Lunula

Visible white half-moon at nail base

Hyponychium

Skin under free edge that prevents infection

Eponychium

Living tissue covering matrix

Nail Fold

Skin surrounding nail that guides growth

Functions of the Nail

Protection, grooming, scratching, handling small objects

Bacteria

Microscopic organisms that can be harmful or harmless

Pathogenic Bacteria

Disease-causing bacteria

Non-Pathogenic Bacteria

Harmless or beneficial bacteria

Bacteria Growth Stages

Active (growing) and inactive (dormant/spores)

Bacteria Entry Points

Broken skin, mouth, nose, eyes, ears

Fungi

Microorganisms causing contagious infections like nail fungus

Viruses

Microscopic agents requiring a host to reproduce

Local Infection

Occurs in one area

General Infection

Spreads through bloodstream

Immunity

Body’s ability to resist infection

Natural Immunity

Inherited or from healthy lifestyle

Acquired Immunity

Developed after illness or vaccination

Sanitation

Lowest level; reduces pathogens

Disinfection

Kills most microorganisms on surfaces

Sterilization

Kills all microorganisms including spores

Nail Disorder

Condition caused by injury, disease, or imbalance

Golden Rule

Do not perform service if nail/skin is red, inflamed, infected, broken, or swollen

Leukonychia

White spots caused by matrix injury

Beau’s Lines

Horizontal ridges from illness or trauma

Onycholysis

Nail separating from nail bed

Onychomycosis

Fungal nail infection

Onychia

Inflammation with redness, swelling, or pus

Onychocryptosis

Ingrown nail

Onychophagy

Bitten nails

Onychorrhexis

Brittle, ridged nails

Onychauxis

Thickened nail overgrowth

Onychogryphosis

Curved “ram’s horn” nail

Onychomadesis

Nail shedding from matrix separation

Onychatrophia

Wasting away of nail

Eggshell Nails

Thin, flexible nails from diet or illness

Furrows (Corrugation)

Ridges on nail (vertical or horizontal)

Melanonychia

Dark pigment band in nail

Plicatured Nails

Highly curved nails

Trumpet/Pincer Nails

Nails curving inward

Onychophosis

Thickened skin under nail

Nail Pterygium

Skin growing over nail plate

Pseudomonas

Bacterial infection causing green discoloration

Bruised Nail

Blood clot under nail from injury

Toenail Disorders

More severe due to pressure, shoes, and moisture

Manicure Equipment

Large tools like table, lamp, UV/LED lamp

Implements

Reusable tools like nippers, pushers, clippers

Materials

Disposable items like cotton, towels

Nail Cosmetics

Products like polish, remover, cuticle oil, gel, acrylic

Regular Polish

Air-dried polish that chips easily

Shellac Polish

Hybrid polish cured under UV/LED; lasts ~2 weeks

Gel Polish

Durable polish cured under light; lasts longer

Acrylic Nails

Enhancement made from liquid and powder; strong

Bio/UV Gel

Flexible gel cured under UV/LED

Dip Powder

Powder system with adhesive; no UV needed

Gel-X

Pre-formed gel tips cured under light

Paraffin Wax

Heated wax treatment that moisturizes and improves circulation