APHUG U6 Vocab

urban system

an interdependent set of cities that interact on the regional, national, and global scale

rank-size rule

describes one way in which the sizes of cities within a region may develop

rank-size rule

the nth largest city in a region is 1/n the size of the largest city

rank-size rule

the rank of the city within an urban system will predict the size of the city

rank-size rule

third largest city will be approximately one third the size of the largest city

higher-order services

expensive,need a large number of people to support, occasionally utilized

higher-order services

major sport’s teams, large malls, luxury car dealerships, large specialized research hospitals

lower-order services

lower-order services less expensive than higher-order services, require small population to support, are used on a daily or weekly basis

lower-order services

grocery stores, gas stations, small restaurants

rank-size rule

USA, Canada, Australia, India

primate city

the largest city is twice as large or more than the next largest city

primate city

London United Kingdom, Mexico City, Mexico

gravity model

larger and closer places will have more interactions than places that are smaller and farther from each other

gravity model

can predict the flow of workers, shoppers, vacationers, migrants, information, mail, products, economic activity, and any other flow between cities

gravity model

limitations include, failure to include barriers (physical, cultural, political) as a factor that influences interactions between cities

central place theory

explain the distribution of cities of different sizes across a region

central place theory

used consumer behavior related to purchasing goods and services to explain settlement distribution

central place

a location where people go to receive goods and services

central place

hamelt, tiny community, small city, village, town, major city

market area

contains people who will purchase goods or services around each central place

hexagonal hinterlands

nesting hexagons allowed for central places of different sizes to distribute themselves in a clean pattern across the region

threshold

the size of population necessary for any particular service to exist and remain profitable

range

the distance people will travel to obtain specific goods or services

world cities/ global cities

New York, London, Tokyo, Paris

world cities/ global cities

cities that exert influence far beyond their national boundaries

urban hierarchy

ranking based on influence or population size

nodal cities

command centers on a regional and occasionally national level

nodal cities

denver, Phoenix, Minneapolis

suburbanization

the process of people moving, usually from cities, to residential areas on the outskirts of cities

sprawl

rapid expansion of the spatial extent of a city

leap-frog development

developers purchase land and build communities beyond the periphery of the city’s built area

boomburbs/ boomburgs

rapidly growing communities with a total population over 100000 people, yet not the largest city in the metro area

boomburbs/ boomburgs

Mesa, Arizona; Plano, Texas; Riverside, California

edge cities

nodes of economic activity that have developed on the periphery of large cities

edge cities

mini downtowns with malls, hotels, restaurants, and office complexes

counterurbanization/ deurbanization

the counter-flow of urban residents leaving cities

exurbs

the prosperous residential districts beyond the suburbs

reurbanization

suburbanites return to live in the city

megacities

a population of more than 10 million

metacities/ hypercities

continuous urban area with more than 20 million people/ network of interconnected urban areas

metacity

New York, Toyko

megalopolis

a chain of connected cities

meglopolis

boston through new york city, philadelphia, and baltimore to washington DC (Bosh-Wash Corridor), San Diego through LA to San Francisco, Tokyo through Yokohoma)

conuberation

an uninterrupted urban area made of towns, suburbs, and cities

functional zonation

portions of an urban area - regions, or zones within the city- have specific and distinct purposes

central business district CBD

commercial heart of a city; usually near the physical center of city, or the crossroads where the city was founded

CBD

focus of transportation and services

bid-rent theory

land in the center of a city will have higher value than land farther away from the city’s center

bid-rent theory

land use will be more intense and costs will be higher closer to the CBD

commensal relationship

commercial interests benefit each other

commensal relationship

restaurants and theaters; clothing stores and shoe stores

residential zones

areas where people live

concentric zone model/ Burgess Model

describes a city as a series of rings that surrounds a central business district

sector model/ Hoyt’s model

different types of land use and housing were all located near the CBD early in a city’s history. Each grew outwards as the city expanded, creating wedges

Harris-Ullman multiple nuclei model

functional zonation occured around multiple centers or nodes

peripheral model

a variant of the multiple-nuclei model that describes suburban neighborhoods surrounding an inner city and served by nodes of commercial activity along a ring road or beltway

galactic city model

an original CBD became surrounded by a system of smaller nodes that mimicked its function. Suburbs took on some CBD functions and people created mini downtowns

mosque

center of an islamic city, surrounded by a complex of structures to serve the public

citadel

fort designed to protect the city

suqs

roadside traditional outdoor markets or covered bazaars

Griffin-Ford Model

used to describe latin-american cities

commercial spine

part of the griffin ford model that accompanies high-quality housing and consists of theaters, restaurants, parks, and other amenities

mall

a growing secondary center in the griffin-ford model

periférico

outer ring of city that shows poverty, lack of infrastructure and poor housing

shantytowns

areas of poorly built housing

favela/ barrios

neighborhoods marked with extreme poverty, homelessness, and lawlessness

disamenity zones

areas not connected to city services and under control of criminals; often in physically unsafe, locations

traditional CBD

existed before European colonization with small shops clustered along narrow twisting streets; formal economy

colonial CBD

broad, straight avenues and large homes, parks, and administrative centers

informal economy zone

curbside, car-side, stall-based businesses that hire people temporarily and do not follow all regulations; hosts periodic markets`

periodic markets

small-scale merchants congregate weekly or yearly to sell their goods

informal settlements/ squatter settlements

peri[hary of cities with dense population; lack sufficient public services for electricity, water, and sewage; problems with drugs, crime, and disease

squatter settlement

Kibera

McGee model

describes land use of many large cities in southeast Asia with a focus on a former colonial port zone

zoning ordinances

regulations that define how property in specific geographic regions may be used

zoning ordinances

residential, commercial, industrial

urban planning

a process of promoting growth and controlling change in land use

residential zones

areas of a city devoted to where people live rather than to commercial or industrial functions

inner city

residential areas surrounding the CBD in North America

residential zone

apartment buildings and townshomes

residential density gradient

further from the inner city, population and housing-density declines

filtering

houses pass from one social group to another

filtering

home for single family might be subdivided for use by two or more families or replaced with apartments

invasion and succession

the process by which a social or ethnic group gradually replaces another through filtering

urban infill

the process of increasing the residential density of an area by replacing open space and vacant housing with residencies

suburbanization of business

the movement of commerce out of cities to suburbs where rent is cheaper and commutes for employees are shorter

suburbanization of business

suburban: strip malls and shopping malls, big-box stores, offices and business services

infrastructure

the facilities and systems that serves the population

infrastructure

transportation features, communication features, distribution systems, buildings, collection systems, entertainment venues, open spaces`

municipal

local government of a city or town and services it provides

municipality

local entity that is all under the same jurisdiction

annexation

the process of adding land to a city’s legally defined territory

incorporation

the act of legally joining together to form a city

bedroom communities

commuter suburbs

unincorporated areas

populated areas that do not fall within the legal boundary of any city or municipality; areas between the legal boundaries of cities

public transportation

buses, subways, light rail, trains operated by a government agency

sustainability

using the earths resources without causing permanent damage to the environment

smart-growth policies

policies to combat urban sprawl and create a new vision for cities that are more sustainable and equitable

smart-growth policies

policies that focus on city planning and transportation systems

smart-growth policies

create attractive, walkable residential neighborhoods, strong sense of place, increase liveability, involve residents and stakeholders