Comprehensive Overview of Mental Disorders: DSM-5, Theories, and Key Concepts

Mental disorder

A syndrome with clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotion, or behavior reflecting dysfunction in mental functioning (DSM-5).

Clinically significant disturbance

Symptoms cause serious distress or interfere with functioning.

Dysfunction (in mental health)

Abnormal or impaired psychological, biological, or developmental functioning.

Four Humors

Blood, yellow bile, black bile, phlegm (Hippocrates' theory of illness).

Yellow bile

Associated with mania.

Black bile

Associated with depression (melancholy).

St. Mary of Bethlehem

Famous medieval asylum; origin of the term "bedlam."

Medical model

Treats mental disorders as illnesses with biological causes and symptoms.

Humanistic approach

Focuses on personal growth, wellness, and self-actualization.

Psychodynamic approach

Emphasizes unconscious conflicts and childhood experiences.

Cognitive-behavioral approach

Focuses on changing thoughts and behaviors to affect emotions.

Sociocultural approach

Considers how culture, gender, and environment affect mental health.

Neurosis

Outdated term describing emotional distress from internal conflicts.

Neuroticism

Personality trait involving emotional reactivity and negative affect.

Psychosis

Loss of contact with reality; includes hallucinations and delusions.

Psychopathy

Personality disorder marked by lack of empathy and antisocial behavior.

Insanity

Legal term; not a diagnosis in the DSM-5.

DSM-5

2013 edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

DSM-5-TR

Updated version of DSM-5 with text revisions and updated information.

Assessment

The process of evaluating symptoms and their impact.

Diagnosis

Identification of a disorder based on DSM criteria.