Key contributors (unit 1)

Wilhelm Wundt

1879 - first formal psycholgist. german physiologist who founded psychology as a formal science; opened first psychology research laboratory in 1879

G. Stanley Hall

American psychologist who established the first psychology research laboratory in the United States and founded the American Psychological Association (APA)

Edward Bradford Titchener

Founder of structuralism, student of wundt

William James

founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment

Charles Darwin

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882) -\> Evolutionary Psychology

Mary Whiton Calkins

first female president of the APA (1905); a student of William James; denied the PhD she earned from Harvard because of her sex (later, posthumously, it was granted to her)

Margaret Washburn

first women to get a PHD in Psychology, second female president of APA

John B. Watson

founder of behaviorism; believed strongly that a child's environment is the factor that shapes behaviors over their genetic makeup or natural temperament

B. F. Skinner

behaviorism; SKINNERS BOX; differed from Watson because he believed what came after behavior influenced it (reward) instead of before it

Sigmund Freud

founder of psychoanalysis and ideas about the unconscious mind; highly controversial guy for his sexist beliefs

Carl Rogers

Founded humanistic psychology - Carl Rogers believed that for a person to achieve self-actualization, they must be in a state of congruence. How we act needs to be congruent with our self image and who we want to be

Ivan Pavlov

classical conditioning - dogs salivated when seeing food; pioneer of the study of learning; Russain Psychologist

Jean Piaget

Known for his theory of cognitive development in children: children intelligence changes as they get older - "most influential observer of children"; Swiss

Dorathea Dix

Led the way to humane treatment for those with psychological disorders; psychoanalysis area

Abraham Maslow

humanistic psychologist; hierarchy of needs - basic needs should be fulfilled before higher ones

Descrates

\
nerve paths enable reflexes.

\

John Locke

empiricism, Coined the term “blank slate” (tabula rasa) - big advocate for nurture in the nature vs nurture debate

Alfred Adler

psychodynamic psychologist - inferiority complex; people are driven by an aggressive need to overcome their sense of inferiority: humans are social beings and therefore all behavior is socially embedded and has social meaning

Carl Jung

Psychodynamic psychologist - Carl Jung's theory is the collective unconscious. He believed that human beings are connected to each other and their ancestors through a shared set of experiences. Jung also states that there is great psychological value in spiritual experiences

Edward Thorndike

Behaviorism; Responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation

Albert Bandura

Behaviorism - Social learning theory suggests that social behavior is learned by observing and imitating the behavior of others. 

Noam Chomsky

cognitive - all languages hold similar structures and rules, also known as a universal grammar.

Alan Baddeley

cognitive - a model of working memory to provide a better description of short-term memory.

Albert Ellis

Cognitive - Albert Ellis rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) is a cognitive theory developed for confronting and changing irrational beliefs and behaviors.

Paul Broca

Bio - Broca is most famous for his discovery of the speech production center of the brain located in the ventroposterior region of the frontal lobes (now known as the Broca's area).

Carl Wernicke

Bio - wernickes area → Wernicke's area is found in the left temporal lobe, and it is thought to be involved in language processing/comprehension. People with damage to this area struggle to comprehend language, often producing sentences that are fluent, but meaningless (Wernicke's aphasia)

Phineas Gage

example of biopsychology - Although gage did not die, the tamping iron destroyed much of his brain's left frontal lobe, and Gage's once even-tempered personality changed dramatically.