MAO EMERGENCE

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What methods of propaganda did Mao use?

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1

What methods of propaganda did Mao use?

  • CCP University in Yanan - lectures and speeches on Marxist thought

  • the Six Principles code of conduct for the Red Army

  • Rectification of Thought campaign where new joiners + cadres educated on Marxist thought.

  • Rectification of Conduct campaign party members self criticise - if revisionist arrested, tortured, sometimes executed. Many suicided rather than confess.

  • Posters used throughout Sino-Japanese war to encourage rivalry, support for Red Army (as well as resentment for Nationalists)

  • Red Army code of conduct for when seizing land - previous militaries resented for violent behaviour (could be example of Mao’s understanding of the peasantry)

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2

How did Mao control opposition?

  • ‘liberation’ of peasants by imposing Red Army, reallocation of land, non-conformists’ crops and livestock confiscated, taxes

  • every peasant committee had to have CCP member to veto decisions

  • 28 Bolsheviks and Li Lisan overcome by moral superiority from Long March and in depth knowledge of peasants

  • rectification of conduct to rid revisionists within the party

  • Chiang Kai-Shek distracted by Sino-Japanese war in 1945

  • Mao’s adoption of attacking strategy against Nationalists

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3

How did Mao use force?

Against military:

  • Futian Incident 1930 - 4,000 Red Army tortured and executed

Against civilians:

  • Red Army seizing control of neighbouring regions of Jiangxi by driving out/shooting landowners

  • Non-conforming villages’ crops and livestock seized, ruinous taxes imposed

Against political opponents:

  • Mao part of May Fourth Movement in 1919 in rejection of Paris Peace Conference

  • Rectification of conduct campaign - purged revisionists within the party - imprisoned, tortured for confessions, sometimes executed. 60 suicided rather than confess.

  • Mao’s attacking of Chiang and Nationalists during Sino-Japanese war in 1945 and overinflation of Communists’ role in anti-Japanese struggle

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4

How did war impact the communist takeover?

  • WW1 aftermath

    • failure of Paris Peace conference in acquiring lost territories

    • under authority of Qing, then Republic, then warlords - unstable gov.

  • Japanese occupation 1931-45

    • Manchuria seized first then spread

    • Chiang slow to respond - CCP exploited this

    • Japanese diverted Chiang from CCP bases

  • Chinese Civil War 1945-49

    • 1947-49 GMD failed to make major vicotries

    • PLA campaigns broke GMD’s grip on north, central, south

    • 1949 Chiang fled to Taiwan

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5

How did social division provide the grounds for Mao to rise to power?

  • widespread famines frequent when population doubled in 19th century, agriculture unable to keep up

  • San Yatsen, founder of GMD, wanted ‘revolution against the world to join the world’, first step removal of Qing

  • resentment at failure of Republic and May Fourth anti-government, anti-foreigner protests

  • Nationalists, GMD, Chiang Kai-Shek vs communists, CCP, Mao - in Yanan cave dwelling standard practice to shelter from GMD air raids

  • previous armies extremely violent with peasantry, Red Army instructed by Mao to endear the peasants to them

  • warlords and factionism divided rural peasantry

  • land allocation between landlords and peasants - reallocated by Red Army forcibly, landlords driven out or shot if not comply

  • GMD increasingly unpopular during Sino-Japanese war

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6

How did weak political systems enable Mao to take over?

  • Qing Dynasty

    • unequal trade treaties with western nations since 1840s, heavily in debt to foreign banks, industry under foreign control

    • 1895 defeated militarily by Japan

    • not truly Chinese - Manchurian - seen as foreign government

  • Qing abdicated 1911, replaced by Yuan Shikai and Republican government, 1916 onwards controlled by warlords

  • 1919 failure of Paris Peace conference in regaining lost territory - May Fourth Movement

  • CCP founded 1921, by 1924 allied with GMD in overcoming warlords

  • 1927 alliance collapsed - CCP moved to Jiangxi

  • Long March 1934 proved Mao’s military strategy and gave moral superiority within CCP

  • revisionist and 28 Bolshevik sympathisers exterminated from CCP during rectification of conduct

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