AP Bio Exam Prep

Hydroxl

R-O-H (polar,

methyl

R-Ch3 (non-polar)

carbonyl

Aldehydes= O=C-R-H

(polar, both)

Ketones= O=C-CR-R

carboxyl

O=C-R-OH (polar acidic)

amino

R-N-H (polar, basic)

phosphate

R-O-P-OH-OH=O (Polar, acidic)

Sulfhyrol

R-S-H (polar)

Cis

elements on same side

trans

elements on opposite sides

Carbonyl group

C=O

Chitin

Arthropods + fungi, FOR STRUCTURE

A long-chain polymer that primarily makes up the exoskeletons of arthropods and cell walls of fungi.

Cellulose

Plants, STRUCTURE

A long-chain polymer that makes up the primary structural component of plant cell walls, providing rigidity and strength.

Starch

Plants, ENERGY STORAGE

A polysaccharide that serves as the primary energy storage carbohydrate in plants, consisting of long chains of glucose units.

Glycogen Carbs

Animals, ENERGY STORAGE

The primary energy storage carbohydrate in animals, glycogen is a polysaccharide composed of glucose units and found mainly in the liver and muscle tissues.

Dehydration synhesis

Pulls out water, covalent bonds from creation of H20

+H20

Hydrolosis

breake bonds and water apart

OH in formula

Base pairs

A and T (DNA)

A and U (RNA)

C and G

Polar=

hydrophillic

non-polar

hydrophobic

Purines

A and G

2 bonds, 2 carbon rings

Pyrimidines

A, T, and U

3 bonds, 1 carbon ring

Glycosidic linkage happens with the macromolecule…

carbohydrates

Glycosidic Linkage is…

a type of bond that joins a carbohydrate molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate.

-it also joins two monosaccharides togtether and you can use water to break them

In a phospholipid bilayer the heads are… and the tails are…

heads=hydrophillic

tails=hydrophobic

Straight fats (trans, saturated)

Solid in room temp, more compact due to single bonds between carbon atoms.

Bent fats (cis, unsaturated)

liquid in room temp, kinks, double bonds

what type of carbohydrate bonds store energy

C-H

Steroids

4 fused carbon rings

Omega 6 is considered… Omega 3 is consdiered…

Omega 6=good

Omega 3=bad

Trigylceride

Glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acid tails

Nucleic acids

used for storage and transmission of genetic information, made up of nucleotides

chloestroal

fatty substance, maintains hormones, 4 ringed carbon, increases membrane fluidity

what type of bond holds polypeptides together

peptide bonds

covalent bonds

electrons shared, two non-metals, stronger than hydrogen bonds

Cohesion

sticks to eachother, hand + hand

Adhesion

Sticks to other things, Hand + Table

Ionic bonds

electrons transferred, metal and non-metal, polar

trace element

only need a little to maintain life

Polar bonds are ___ charged

oppostily charged

non-polar bonds are ___charged

evely charged

Capillary Action

A result of water molecules having an ADHESIVE force; narrower the diameter=farther the water will rise

If an element has 8 electrons it is considered…

non-reactive

Sweat cooling=

absorption of heat by breaking bonds

Carbs ratio

C H2 0=1:2:1

Water condensing=

temp increases, release of heat by FORMING hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen (water especially) bonds are stronger when…

when there is less to bond with

proteins

amino acids, polypeptide chains (peptide bonds), central carbon bound to a hydrogen, an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a variable R group.

Water has ___ heat capacity and surface tension

high

Forming bonds…

releases energy

Cations (positive) usually have___ electrons

Anions (negative) usually have ___electrongs

Cations=1 or electrons

Anions=7 or 6 electrons

Sweat cooling=

absorption of heat by breaking hydrogen bonds

Cofactor (dealing with enzymes)

Something that binds with something to help an anzyme bind to the substrate

A non-protein compound that is essential for the activity of an enzyme, often assisting in catalysis or regulation.

Competitive inhibitor

looks and acts similar as a substrate, can bind to an enzyme, prevents substrate from beingsing to the enzyme

A substance that binds to an enzyme's active site, preventing the substrate from binding and thereby inhibiting the enzyme's activity.

Induced fit

Binding of substrate changes the shape of enzymes active site

Amino acids always have a __group

carboxyl group

a hydrocarbon chain is…

hydrophobic

Primary structure

peptide bonds (covalent), linkage of amino acids, structure dictates function

Secondary Structure

Hydrogen bonds (between backbone atoms), folding of polypeptide chains into regular paterns, alpha helix (spiral)

Tertiary Strucutre

Covalent bonds (R-group interactions), the overall 3D shape of a single polypeptide chain, Disulfide bridges, determines the proteins specific function (like active sites on enzymes)

Quantenary structure

Disulfide Bridges, 3D, various interactions, the structure formed when two or more polypeptide chains come together, also helped together between R-grouo of different chains.

NH2 is a…

base

Polar molecles are

hydrophillic

Alpha-carbon

a carbon that is next to a functional group attached to

-hydrogen

-R-group (side chain)

-Amino (NH2)

-Carboxyl

C-terminus

end of amino acid chain terminated by a free carboxyl (-COOH) group

what does a high temperature do to proteins

it causes them to denature and risks them not being able to refold

(low temp causes them to freeze while they're cold)

N-terminus

very 1st nitro

Elements in proteins, carbs, nucleic acids, and lipids?

Proteins= C, H, O,

(phosphorus never, sulfur sometimes)

Carbs=C,H,O (1:2:1)

(nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur never)

Nucleic acids=C, H, O, N, P (THINK DNA)

(sulfur never)

Lipids=C, H, O

(nitrogen and sulfur nevermind phosphorus sometimes)