Chapter 16

Pituitary gland

“master gland”, controls the activities of the endocrine system

Anterior lobe

“adenohypophysis” releases growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, gonadotropic hormones, prolactin

Posterior lobe

“neurohypophysis” releases antidiuretic hormone, oxytocin

Hypothalamus

secretes “releasing” hormones that can inhibit or stimulate the release of hormones from the pituitary gland

Thyroid gland

bilobed structure in the anterior of the throat, secretes t3 and t4

Parathyroid gland

4 pieces of gland tissue embedded into the posterior side of the thyroid. Secretes PTH to maintain calcium levels in the blood

Islets of Langerhans

clusters of endocrine tissue on the pancreas that secrete insulin and glucagon (beta and alpha cells)

Adrenal glands

located on top of the kidneys and is divided into a cortex and a medulla

Cortisol

secreted by the cortex aids body during stress

Aldosterone

secreted by the cortex for electrolyte balance

Epinephrine, norepinephrine

helps body with stress by controlling blood pressure

adren/o

Adrenal Gland

adrenal/o

Adrenal gland

Cortic/o

Cortex

Endocrine/o

Endocrine

Parathyroid/o

Parathyroid gland

Pituitar/o

Pituitary gland

Thyroid/o

Thyroid gland

Acr/o

Extremities, height

Calc/i

Calcium (combining vowel is an “i”

Dips/o

Thirst

Kal/i

Potassium(combining vowel is an “i”

Natr/o

sodium

…drome

Run, running

Addison disease

hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex

Congenital hypothyroidism

“creationism”, absence or wasting away of the thyroid gland at birth

Cushing syndrome

excessive cortisol release from the adrenal cortex (pituitary tumor?)

Diabetes insipidus

result of decreased ADH

Diabetes mellitus

undersecretion of insulin

Gigantism

hypersecretion of growth hormone before puberty

Goiter

enlargement of the thyroid

Graves disease

autoimmune hypersecretion of thyroid hormones

Ketoacidosis

build up of dangerous levels of ketones from fat metabolism due to the absence of insulin

Metabolic syndrome

called syndrome X or insulin resistance syndrome (involves a cluster of diseases like heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes)

Myxedema

life

Neuroblastoma

malignant cancer that starts in the adrenal medulla (commonly found in children)

Tetany

muscle spasms as a result of a low amount of calcium in the blood

Thyrotoxicosis

excessive release of thyroid hormones

Radioactive iodine uptake

measures thyroid function to determine different forms of hyperthyroidism

Thyroid sonography

ultrasound of the thyroid

Fasting blood sugar

blood test to determine the amount of glucose in the blood after fasting 8

Fine needle aspiration

use of a needle to obtain tissue from a gland or an organ

Glycosylated hemoglobin

used to dx diabetes, A1C can identify a long

Thyroid stimulating hormone

blood test to check for hypothyroidism and determine levels of HRT

Thyroxine (T4)

checks for the level of T4 in the blood (can diagnose hyper or hypo thyroidism

Exophthalmos

abnormal protrusion of the eyes

Hormone

chemical substance secreted and carried in the blood

Incretins

a group of hormones that is secreted by the gastrointestinal tract that stimulates the release of insulin

Isthmus

narrow strip of tissue that hold 2 larger parts together

Metabolism

sum total of all chemical processes that take place in a living organism