ultimate- diversity set

Domains

The three main categories in which living organisms are classified:Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

Archaea

One of the domains of living organisms, consisting of prokaryotes belonging to the kingdom Archaea.

Bacteria

One of the domains of living organisms, consisting of prokaryotes belonging to the kingdom Bacteria.

Eukarya

One of the three domains of living organisms: includes eukaryotes belonging to the kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

Kingdoms

fungi, plantae, Animalia, protista, archaea, bacteria

Prokaryotes

Organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus, found in the domains Archaea and Bacteria.

Eukaryotes

Organisms that have a membrane-bound nucleus, found in the domain Eukarya.

Prokaryotic

Referring to organisms that are prokaryotes, lacking a membrane-bound nucleus.

Heterotrophic

Obtaining energy by consuming living or dead organisms.

Autotrophic

Obtaining energy by using the sun's energy and making their own food.

Unicellular

Consisting of a single cell.

Multicellular

Consisting of more than one cell.

Asexual

Reproduction where offspring are produced from a single parent and are genetically identical to the parent.

what are the six kingdoms? tell me if they are eukaryotic or prokaryotic

Protista: eukaryotic

Fungi: eukaryotic

Plantae: eukaryotic

Animalia- eukaryotic

bacteria- prokaryotic

Archaea- prokaryotic

Whats a eubacteria? is it prokaryotic or eukarytotic?

prokaryotic microorganisms consisting of a single cell lacking a nucleus

prokaryotic cell characteristics

- a smaller, simple type of cell that does not have a membrane-bound nucleus.

characteristics of eukaryotic cell

-a larger, complex type of cell that does have a membrane-bound nucleus.

Phylum Chordata characteristics

At some point in life:

*Its going to have a nerve cord, notochord, gill slits, tails

*Bilateral symmetry

*have a ventral heart

Subphylum Vertebrata

*Two pairs of appendages

*Anterior skull

*larger brain

*Large coelom

*Closed circulatory and complete digestive system

*gas exchange happens trhough gills and lungs

*Specialized skin

Subphylum Vertebrata: super class and class

Superclass Agnatha (jawless)

Superclass Osteichthyes (jawed)

class amphibia (jawed)

class reptilia (jawed)

class aves (jawed)

class mamalia (jawed)

Superclass Agnatha

Example: Lampreys

*No paired appendages

*Cartilaginous endoskeleton

*Two chambered heart

*Gill slits how they breath

*Ectotherm

*3 germ layers (bilateral)

*closed circulatory system and complete digestive track

Class chondrichythyes

Example: Sharks, rays, and skates

*Cartilaginous endoskeleton

*Ectotherm

*thick fins

*gill slits to breathe + complete digestive track + closed circulatory system

*Two-chambered heart

*have coelom

oviparous

*internal fertilization—→ the mother lays eggs externally and continue to grow outside

*Yolk is the main source of nutrition for the embryo

viviparous

*embryo develops inside the mothers body

*the baby gets delivered from the mothers body

Ovoviviparous

*Fertilization happens internally

The eggs stay in the oviducts until they are ready and developed enough to survive

*primary source of food or oxygen from yolk (ie sharks and snakes)

Superclass Osteichthyes

ie. Bass, pike, salmon, trout, seahorse, etc.

*bony endoskeleton

*ectotherm (an animal that is dependent on external sources of body heat.)

*thin fins, smooth scales, and swim bladders (controls the fish to either sink or float)

*two-chambered heart + closed circulatory system + complete digestive track + 3 germ layers +bilaterally symmetrical + have coelom

class amphibia

*toads, frogs, and salamanders

*Ectothermic (body temperature depends on external sources)

*three chambered hearts have coelom + 3 germ layers + closed circulatory system + complete digestive track + breath through skin and simple lung

Class Reptilia

*Snakes, turtles, lizards, and crocodiles

*Terrestrial tetrapods with dry scaly skin

*respiration via lungs

*three chambered hearts + closed circulatory system +complete digestive track + breath through lungs + have coeloms + bilateral

Tetrapods

*all vertebrates with four limbs and distinct digits (fingers and toes)

Subphyla Vertebrata ——→ class aves

*birds

*tetrapods with feathers

*hollow bones

*endothermic (can control its body heat internally)

*four-chambered hearts + coelom + closed circulatory system + complete digestive tract + bilateral + 3 germ layers + bony endoskeleton

Class mammalia

*humans, pigs, deer, dolphins, etc.

*terrestrial or aquatic

*they were covered in hair at some point

*endothermic

*four chambered hearts

*mammary gland (is used to create milk)

*coelom + complete digestive tract + closed circulatory system + bilateral + 3 germ layers +bony endoskeleton + chephalized

class mammalia—→ order monotremata

*monotremes (lays amniotic eggs). ie. platypus

Class mammalia—→ Infraclass Marsupialia

Marsupials (have a pouch, give live birth with short pregnancy), ie. koala and kangaroo

Class mammalia—→ Infraclass Placentalia

Placentals (very common for mammals, where the baby is developed in the uterus with a placenta)

True or false: all endotherms have a four-chambed heart

true

Phylum Mollusca Characteristics

*Bilateral

*Invertebrates (no backbone)

*Muscular soft-bodies

*Have true coelom

Body plan for Phylum Mollusca

*Have three unsegmented body parts

1. Foot: for locomotion and/or feeding

2. Mantle: Covers visceral mass —> may secrete shells

3. Visceral mass: internal organs

Class Bivalvia

- connects two shells (hinge)

-no anterior end (so no cephalization)

*have open circulatory system + have coelom + a complete digestive track + breath through gills or skin

*eg clams, oyster, scallops, and mussels

Class Gastropoda

*respiration through gills and skin

*Have coelom + open circulatory system + complete digestive track + breath through gills, skin or simple lungs

*ie. snails and slugs

Class Cephalopoda

*ie. squids and octopi

*have a coelom + closed circulatory system + complete digestive track + breath through gills or skin

*all have 8 arms; some have 2 tentacles

*well developed brains

phylum echinodermata

*Invertebrates (no back bone)

*Complete digestive system

*closed circulatory system + no chephalization

*respiration through gills

*calcium carbonate endoskeleton

*Larvae is bilateral

*Adults are radial

*ie. sea star, sand dollar, sea cucumber, sea urchin

Phylum Arthropoda

Characteristics:

Known as “jointed-foot invertebrates

*segmented bodies

*bilaterally symmetrical

*Invertebrates with coelom

*Exoskeleton (is composed of chitin) ——> protection and resists drying up

*jointed appendages

*Complete digestive tract

Chitin

Chitin is a waterproof carbohydrate.

Class Arachnida

*Scorpions, spiders, mites, and ticks

*2 body segments: cephalothrox and abdomen

*6 pairs of appendages: first to pair to sense or feed; the other four are to walk

*has no antennae

*breath through lungs + open circulatory system + complete digestive track

class insecta

*ants flies, beetles, fleas, lice, etc (1.2 million species)

*3 body segments (head, thorax & abdomen)

*1 pair of atennae on head

*3 pairs of walking legs on thorax

*often have 2 pairs of wings (or no wings-depends)

*have exoskeleton + complete digestive track + open circulatory system + breath using trachea + coelom

Insects and wings; flying insects, flies, beetles

Flying insects: two pairs of stiff wings attached to thorax

Flies: One pair of wings

Beetles: Front wings form hardened wing covers

Subphylum Crustacea

*Shrimp, lobster, crayfish, and crabs (also belong to the class Malacostraca.)

*Usually 3 or 2 body segments:

-head, thorax, and abdomen

*2 pairs of antennae

*Have a coelom + open circulatory system + complete digestive system + breath through gills

Subpyhlum Myriapoda

*Millipedes, centipedes,, etc.

*have two body segments (head & trunk)

*one pair of antennae

*have coelom + open circulatory system + complete digestive track + breath through trachea

Why do we sample?

*helps field biologists measure biodiversity in different ecosystems.

*Sampled locations often selected at random to eliminate bias.

Quadrat Sampling

*The number of different species and their total numbers are counted per quadrat. Its repeated over diff locations and diff times.

*Its a square area of known dimensions

Its used for; slow moving or sessile organisms, small animals, and plants.

Line Transect Sampling

Using a line of known length, to measure the number of different species. Used for sessile or slow moving organisms, small animals, and plants.

Netting

*Fine mesh nets are set up like a sheet or screen across an area to capture passing organisms (aquatic or land)

*they mark and recapture

*Used for birds, bats, large flying insects, fish, large crustaceans, etc.

Characteristics of all animals

heterotrophic, lack cell wall, they use oxygen for aerobic respiration, and have specialized nervous tissue.

Class scheme used for all animals:

number or germ layers, type of body symmetry, and presence or absence of a coelom.

germ layers

germ layers give rise to tissues and organs;

*endoderm (digestive and respiratory, the most inner layer),

*ectoderm (outer covering and is in nervous tissues)

*mesoderm (in muscles, circulatory, and skeletal tissues)

different types of germ layers:

*Diploblastic acoelomate: endoderm + ectoderm (no mesoderm or coelom, least complex).

Triploblastic acoelomate: endoderm + mesoderm + ectoderm (has no coelom, moderate complex)

Triploblastic coelomate: endoderm + coelom + mesoderm + ectoderm (the most complex)

body symmetry

bilateral, radial, and asymmetric

What symmetry do diploblasts and triploblasts have?

Diploblasts are radial symmetry and triploblasts are bilateral symmetry

cephalization

it is the concentration of sensory organs (nervous) at the front of the body and is found in bilateral organisms.

coelom

mesoderm thats developed into a fluid -filled internal body cavity.

acoelomates

-mesoderm filled with tissue

-still have a gut

-ie. flatworms

pseudocoelomates

-has a false coelom (still functional)

-coelom is lined by mesoderm and endoderm

-ei. roundworms

Coelomates

-have true coelom

-gut and body wall are lined with mesoderm

-ie. annelids, echinoderms, mollusks,

arthropods & chordates

Worm-like Animals characteristics

*bilateral

*invertebrates.

*have three germ layers

There is acoelomate, pseudocoelomate and coelomate

Phylum Playhyelminthes

known as “flatworms”,

*bilateral

*no coelom

*flat and unsegmented,

*incomplete digestive system; one opening, no circulatory or respiratorary systems. they have cephalization.

Class Cestoda

In the phylum platyhelminthes; have suckers and hooks that attach to intestines—— so parasitic tapeworms.

Phylum Nematoda

Known as “roundworms”—

*unsegmented cylinder bodies,

*pseudocoelomate + complete digestive tract, and no circulatory or respiratory system.

Phylum Annelida

*Segmented worms

*have coelom + complete digestive tract + closed circulatory system

*breathe trough skin or gills

May also have bristles to aid with movement.

ie. Leeches and earthworms

Phylum Porifera

“The sponges”,

have no germ layers but have two cell layers.

No organs + asymmetric + invertebrates + sessile

*Diploblastic acoelomates—no coelom

ie. sponges

reproduction in phylum porifera

sexually- hermaphroditic (female and male)

Asexually- through budding

Phylum Cnidaria

-Radial symmetry, invertebrate (no backbone), lack of cephalization and incomplete digestive systems (one opening)

ie. jellyfish (mobile), sea anemones, and corals (sessile).

They have strings in their tentacles that paralyze their prey, and their gastrovascular cavity has one opening.

reproduction for phylum cnidaria

they can asexually (budding) or sexually (free-swimming medusas) reproduce

What are the characteristics of plants

They are eukaryotic, multicellular, photosynthetic, contain cellulose in their cell walls

What were plants earlier ancestor?

They are believed to be evolved from algal-like organisms (algae).

What does gametophyte produce?

Gametophyte generation is a phase in plants that produce gametes (so haploid) and it produces eggs and sperm, which then fertilize into a zygote.

what does sporophyte generation produce?

It is diploid and through meiosis it creates spores. Then it goes through mitosis to produce haploid gametophytes.

What are the two plant types?

non-vascular (bryophytes) and vascular (tracheophytes)

What are non-vascular plants?

*They only grow in moist environments (ie. moss). They lack true roots, stems, leaves, and vascular tissue. Only several centimetres in height. They sexually reproduce through spores or asexually through vegetative propagation.

What do vascular plants have?

They have xylem and phloem (conducting tissue)— which allows greater heights in plants.

Example of spore-producing vascular plants:

club mosses and horsetails (they grow in marshes and on the edges of streams). Also includes ferns which grow in shady, wet environments.

What do both non-vascular and spore-producing vascular plants need to reproduce?

They both need water to fertilize the egg. The water is for the sperm to swim from male (antheridium) to female (archegonium)

seed-producing vascular plants

Class gymnosperms and angiosperms:

*most successful plants on earth, due to their specialized leaves, stems, and roots.

For seed-producing vascular plants, they do not require water, and they reproduce via pollination.

Gymnosperms

In division Tracheophyta- under seed producing-is vascular

They are reproductive structures.

*pollen cones (which are males)

*seed cones (which are females)

Their pollen gets distributed by wind and sperm is produced when pollen makes a contact with a seed cones. Then it fertilizes, and a zygote is formed, which then grows into seeds.

What are Angiosperms: how do they reproduce

They are known as flowering plants and are the most successful plants on earth.

Reproduction: The ovum is fertilized through pollen (sperm)——> the zygote develops into an embryo that contains a seed. For it to grow the seed must be released. Angiosperms can cross pollinate or self pollinate.

What are the characteristics of a fungi

*Eukaryotic

*Mainly multicellular

*heterotrophic (cant make its own food)

*its cell wall contains chitin

*the body of the fungi is composed of hyphae

*they do sexual and asexual reproduction

Mycelium

roots and is made up of mass called hyphae-haploid and multicellular

how are fungi classified

it is classified through their patterns of sexual reproduction

what are the three classifications of fungi?

division zygomycota- spores in case-like structure (sporangium)

Divison asycomycota- spores in sac-like structure (ascus)

Division Basidiomycota- spores in a club-like structure (basidium)

example of case-like fungi (division zygomycota)? Can it sexually or asexually reproduce?

bread mould (rhizopus)- it can do both- asexually and sexually

Asexual: hyphae extend along surface into food by absorbing water and sugar; it forms black sporangia.

sexual: occurs under less favourable conditions-2 genetically different hyphae are produced.

spores

unicellular haploid reproductive cells in fungi

How does asexual reproduction work in fungi?

they use mitosis to produce unicellular spores (it is already haploid so they dont need to do meiosis), which are genetically identical to the mycelium and it falls down or stays. The process is then repeated.

how does sexual reproduction work in fungi?

Genetic diversity- the mycelium keeps growing from one fungi and another one grows as well until they touch. Their cytoplasms fuse together to form plasmogamy. Next, even though their cytoplasms fuse they aren’t a diploid cell yet so it is called a heterokaryotic stage (where there are two nuclei that are haploid and are diff from each other). When they fuse (could take years) it is called a karyogamy. After this the zygote is created and then there is a fruiting body in which is multicellular and diploid. through meiosis it creates spores and either sexually or asexually reproduces.

sac-like spore and which division is it?

sac like spore is called ascus- Divison Ascomycota (Mildews, moulds (penicillium), and yeast, and cup fungus)

What did Alexander Fleming discover? What division is it part of?

he discovered that a chemical released by penicillium killed off bacteria; he saved thousands of people’s lives in World War II. Penicillin became the first antibiotic and is a part of the ascomycota.

Whats yeast and its applications?

it is unicellular in division asycomycota; can asexually produce via budding in favorable conditions, but it can also sexually reproduce from ascospores under less favorable conditions.

Applications of yeast include through fermantation (anaerobic respiration), like how it is used in bread and alcohol industry

Example of club-like fungi

puffballs, rusts, bracket fungi, and mushrooms

Division Zygomycota

Have spores in a case-like structure (which is called sporangium) basically a structure that resembles a bulb and in is filled withs pores— it opens up and releases them.

examples: Bread mould (Rhizpous)

Whats ascus and how does look like in ascomycota?

its spores that form in rows inside long sacs

whats basidium and how does it look/work in basidiomycota?

it lines the gills/lamellae in the mushroom cap and buds off from there