Exam 2 study guide // CH 4-7

Exam 2 Study Guide

Cells Pt 1

• 3 parts of the basic cell
  • Cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm
• Principles of cell theory
  • All living things are made of cells
  • Cells = basic unit of life
  • Cells arise from pre-existing cells (not spontaneous generation as previously thought)
  • Hereditary info is passed from cell (DNA)
  • All cells have the basic chemical composition (carbs, proteins, lipids, etc.)
  • Energy flow occurs within cells (metabolism)
• Cell membrane function
  • Separates insides of cell from the outside environment. Dictates what passes through the cell
• Defining characteristic for difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
  • Prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus, eukaryotes do have a nucleus
• What do ribosomes do
  • Synthesize proteins
• Structure bacteria use during bacterial conjugation
  • pili
• Label on prokaryotic cell: flagella, nucleoid, cell membrane
  • 
• Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
  • Father of microbiology, made a microscope, discovered cells

Lecture: Cells Part 2

• Know the function of the endomembrane system (you don’t have to know the steps)
  • modifies, transports, and packages proteins and lipids in the cell
• Know which cell junctions are found in animal cells and plant cells
  • Animals: tight junctions, adhering junctions, gap junctions
  • Plants: plasmodesmata
• Know the different structures cells use to move
  • Motor proteins, cilia, pseudopods
• Terms to know:
  • Exocytosis: moving something inside the cell to outside
  • ATP (cell currency): produces energy

Lecture: Intro to Metabolism

• Know difference in chemical, kinetic, and potential energy
  • Chemical- energy stored in chemical bonds
  • Kinetic - energy of motion
  • Potential - stored energy related to something’s position
• Know difference in autotrophs and heterotrophs
  • Autotrophs - make their own food using the sun’s energy; producers
  • Heterotrophs - don’t make their own food, eat others for energy; consumers
• Know the first two laws of thermodynamics
  • Energy can’t be created or destroyed. Energy tends to disperse.
• Know difference in exergonic and endergonic reactions
  • Ex - energy releasing, spontaneous
  • End - energy consuming, needs energy
• Terms to know:
  • Catabolism - destroys; breaking down glucose from food to form ATP. Uses and Produces energy
  • Anabolism - builds; building proteins using amino acids. Uses energy
  • Metabolism - chemical reactions in body’s cells that change food into energy
  • Energy - ability to do work; ability to cause some kind of change
  • activation energy - minimum amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction

Lecture: Enzymes and Membranes

• Know that enzymes are reusable and coenzymes are not
• Know where catalysis occurs on enzymes
  • The active site
• Know difference in linear and cyclic pathways
  • Linear is reaction to reaction and it ends. Cyclic is reaction to reaction where the last reactions starts the reactions again
• Know difference in
  • receptor proteins - Trigger change in cellular activity in response to stimuli
  • adhesion proteins - Fasten cell’s membranes together
  • transport proteins - Transports substances across lipid bilayer
  • Enzymes - Catalyzes reactions at membrane
• Know difference in active and passive use of transport proteins
  • Active requires energy to move across membrane, goes against gradient differences. Passive doesn’t require input to happen
• Terms to know:
  • Phosphorylation - donates phosphate group to enzyme which donates to reaction
  • Diffusion - spontaneous spreading of molecules or atoms through a fluid or gas
  • Catalysis - Speeds up reactions
  • Osmosis - the movement of fluid across membranes

Lecture: Sunlight

• Know where photosynthesis occurs in eukaryotic cells
  • Chloroplasts, thylakoid, stroma
• Know that light with wavelength of 380-750nm is visible light
• Know that different colors come from different wavelengths of light
• Know that photon energy is inverse to wavelength
• Know what pigment gives plants their green color
  • Chlorophyll a
• Terms to know: photon
  • A particle of light
• People to know: Theodor Engelmann
  • Discovered sunlight is driver for photosynthesis, hypothesized color of light affects photosynthesis; blue and red are best for driving photosynthesis

Lecture: Light - dependent reactions

• Know where light-dependent reactions take place
  • Thylakoid membrane
• Know what types of light-dependent reactions use which photosystems
  • Cyclic light dependent reactions use PSI and noncyclic light dependent reactions uses PSI and PSII
• Know what flows through ATP synthase to trigger phosphorylation
  • Hydrogen ions
• Know the products of both types of light-dependent reactions
  • Cyclic produces ATP
  • Noncyclic produces ATP, NADPH, and Oxygen
• Terms to know: carbon fixation
  • taking carbon atoms from inorganic molecules (CO₂) to attach them to organic molecules (sugar)

Lecture: Light - independent reactions

• Know product of light-independent reactions
  • Sugars (glucose)
• Know where light-dependent reactions occur
  • stroma
• Know what enzyme starts the Calvin Cycle
  • Rubsico
• Know most molecules of PGAL are recycled back into the Calvin Cycle
• Know difference in
  • C3 - fixes carbon once, both stages of photosynthesis run during the day, stomata are closed during the day, 85% of modern plants
  • C4 - closes stomata during the day, fixes carbon twice, 3% of modern plants
  • CAM plants - fixes carbon twice, stomata open at night, desert plants, 12% of modern plants

Lecture: Intro to Cell Respiration

• Know how oxygen negatively affected the earth
  • Oxygen was toxic, it polluted the air. Great oxidation event - give rise to multicellularity
• Know oxidative stress
  • Free radicals accumulating and stopping the mitochondria from functioning, damages tissues.
• Terms to know:
  • Aerobic - can live in the presence of oxygen
  • Anaerobic - without oxygen
  • Antioxidants - minimize damage caused by oxygen

Lecture: Aerobic cell respiration

• Know where glycolysis occurs
  • cytoplasm
• Know the product of glycolysis
  • Produces ATP by converting glucose to pyruvate
• Know what oxygen does in electron transfer phosphorylation
  • O₂ accepts electrons from transfer chain and other H+. creates H₂O

Lecture: Anaerobic cell respiration

• Know the product of alcoholic and lactate fermentation
  • Alcoholic fermentation converts glucose into ethyl alcohol
  • Lactate fermentation converts glucose into lactate
• Know why fermentation is less efficient than aerobic respiration
  • It doesn’t fully break down glucose and only produces 2 molecules of ATP vs aerobic respiration producing 36 molecules of ATP

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