Exam 2 Study Guide

Cells Pt 1

• 3 parts of the basic cell

  • Cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm

• Principles of cell theory

  • All living things are made of cells

  • Cells = basic unit of life

  • Cells arise from pre-existing cells (not spontaneous generation as previously thought)

  • Hereditary info is passed from cell (DNA)

  • All cells have the basic chemical composition (carbs, proteins, lipids, etc.)

  • Energy flow occurs within cells (metabolism)

• Cell membrane function

  • Separates insides of cell from the outside environment. Dictates what passes through the cell

• Defining characteristic for difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

  • Prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus, eukaryotes do have a nucleus

• What do ribosomes do

  • Synthesize proteins

• Structure bacteria use during bacterial conjugation

  • pili

• Label on prokaryotic cell: flagella, nucleoid, cell membrane

  • 

• Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

  • Father of microbiology, made a microscope, discovered cells

Lecture: Cells Part 2

• Know the function of the endomembrane system (you don’t have to know the steps)

  • modifies, transports, and packages proteins and lipids in the cell

• Know which cell junctions are found in animal cells and plant cells

  • Animals: tight junctions, adhering junctions, gap junctions

  • Plants: plasmodesmata

• Know the different structures cells use to move

  • Motor proteins, cilia, pseudopods

• Terms to know:

  • Exocytosis: moving something inside the cell to outside

  • ATP (cell currency): produces energy

Lecture: Intro to Metabolism

• Know difference in chemical, kinetic, and potential energy

  • Chemical- energy stored in chemical bonds

  • Kinetic - energy of motion

  • Potential - stored energy related to something’s position

• Know difference in autotrophs and heterotrophs

  • Autotrophs - make their own food using the sun’s energy; producers

  • Heterotrophs - don’t make their own food, eat others for energy; consumers

• Know the first two laws of thermodynamics

  • Energy can’t be created or destroyed. Energy tends to disperse.

• Know difference in exergonic and endergonic reactions

  • Ex - energy releasing, spontaneous

  • End - energy consuming, needs energy

• Terms to know:

  • Catabolism - destroys; breaking down glucose from food to form ATP. Uses and Produces energy

  • Anabolism - builds; building proteins using amino acids. Uses energy

  • Metabolism - chemical reactions in body’s cells that change food into energy

  • Energy - ability to do work; ability to cause some kind of change

  • activation energy - minimum amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction

Lecture: Enzymes and Membranes

• Know that enzymes are reusable and coenzymes are not

• Know where catalysis occurs on enzymes

  • The active site

• Know difference in linear and cyclic pathways

  • Linear is reaction to reaction and it ends. Cyclic is reaction to reaction where the last reactions starts the reactions again

• Know difference in

  • receptor proteins - Trigger change in cellular activity in response to stimuli

  • adhesion proteins - Fasten cell’s membranes together

  • transport proteins - Transports substances across lipid bilayer

  • Enzymes - Catalyzes reactions at membrane

• Know difference in active and passive use of transport proteins

  • Active requires energy to move across membrane, goes against gradient differences. Passive doesn’t require input to happen

• Terms to know:

  • Phosphorylation - donates phosphate group to enzyme which donates to reaction

  • Diffusion - spontaneous spreading of molecules or atoms through a fluid or gas

  • Catalysis - Speeds up reactions

  • Osmosis - the movement of fluid across membranes

Lecture: Sunlight

• Know where photosynthesis occurs in eukaryotic cells

  • Chloroplasts, thylakoid, stroma

• Know that light with wavelength of 380-750nm is visible light

• Know that different colors come from different wavelengths of light

• Know that photon energy is inverse to wavelength

• Know what pigment gives plants their green color

  • Chlorophyll a

• Terms to know: photon

  • A particle of light

• People to know: Theodor Engelmann

  • Discovered sunlight is driver for photosynthesis, hypothesized color of light affects photosynthesis; blue and red are best for driving photosynthesis

Lecture: Light - dependent reactions

• Know where light-dependent reactions take place

  • Thylakoid membrane

• Know what types of light-dependent reactions use which photosystems

  • Cyclic light dependent reactions use PSI and noncyclic light dependent reactions uses PSI and PSII

• Know what flows through ATP synthase to trigger phosphorylation

  • Hydrogen ions

• Know the products of both types of light-dependent reactions

  • Cyclic produces ATP

  • Noncyclic produces ATP, NADPH, and Oxygen

• Terms to know: carbon fixation

  • taking carbon atoms from inorganic molecules (CO₂) to attach them to organic molecules (sugar)

Lecture: Light - independent reactions

• Know product of light-independent reactions

  • Sugars (glucose)

• Know where light-dependent reactions occur

  • stroma

• Know what enzyme starts the Calvin Cycle

  • Rubsico

• Know most molecules of PGAL are recycled back into the Calvin Cycle

• Know difference in

  • C3 - fixes carbon once, both stages of photosynthesis run during the day, stomata are closed during the day, 85% of modern plants

  • C4 - closes stomata during the day, fixes carbon twice, 3% of modern plants

  • CAM plants - fixes carbon twice, stomata open at night, desert plants, 12% of modern plants

Lecture: Intro to Cell Respiration

• Know how oxygen negatively affected the earth

  • Oxygen was toxic, it polluted the air. Great oxidation event - give rise to multicellularity

• Know oxidative stress

  • Free radicals accumulating and stopping the mitochondria from functioning, damages tissues.

• Terms to know:

  • Aerobic - can live in the presence of oxygen

  • Anaerobic - without oxygen

  • Antioxidants - minimize damage caused by oxygen

Lecture: Aerobic cell respiration

• Know where glycolysis occurs

  • cytoplasm

• Know the product of glycolysis

  • Produces ATP by converting glucose to pyruvate

• Know what oxygen does in electron transfer phosphorylation

  • O₂ accepts electrons from transfer chain and other H+. creates H₂O

Lecture: Anaerobic cell respiration

• Know the product of alcoholic and lactate fermentation

  • Alcoholic fermentation converts glucose into ethyl alcohol

  • Lactate fermentation converts glucose into lactate

• Know why fermentation is less efficient than aerobic respiration

  • It doesn’t fully break down glucose and only produces 2 molecules of ATP vs aerobic respiration producing 36 molecules of ATP