AP Bio - 1.4 Biomolecules

explain dehydration reaction vs hydrolysis

dehydration rxn: a chem. rxn where two molecules are covalently bonded with the loss of a water molecule forming polymers from monomers

hydrolysis: the reverse of dehydration synthesis, where water is added to break the bonds between monomers, breaking down polymers into monomers

what are Carbohydrates commonly referred to as?

sugars

What are the monomers of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides.

what are the Polymers of carbohydrates?

Polysaccharides.

what kinds of carbohydrates are monosaccharides?

simplest form of carbohydrates: containing single sugar molecules, eg. glucose, fructose, galactose

What are disaccharides?

formed by joining of two monosaccharides through dehydration reaction

- sucrose (glucose + fructose)

- lactose (glucose + galactose)

- maltose (glucose + glucose)

what kind of carbohydrates are polysaccharides?

complex carbohydrates, long chains of monosaccharide units bonded together eg. starches and cellulose.

what is the structure of carbohydrates?

hexamer rings

Main Functions of Carbohydrates

Short term energy source, energy storage, and structure.

A structural carbohydrate found in plants.

cellulose

A structural carbohydrate found in insects and crabs.

Chitin

what is the elemental Composition of Carbohydrates

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen in a 1-Carbon: 2-Hydrogen: 1-Oxygen ratio.

what is Glucose

A monosaccharide that is broken down during aerobic cellular respiration to help make ATP energy.

what is the relationship with carbohydrates to the cell membrane?

Carbohydrates are also found in small amounts on the cell membrane and help cell types recognize each other. ​

what type of structure do energy Storing Carbohydrates have and how does that structure help its function?

Have a branched structure

How does it help? - More branches means more monomers can be broken off at once, allowing for cellular respiration to happen faster to make more ATP energy.​

where do we see storage carbohydrates? (polysaccharides)

1. starch: storage form of glucose in plants

2. glycogen: storage form of glucose in animals

what type of structure do structural carbohydrates have and how does that structure help its function?

Have a linear structure and are able to stack.

how? - Stacking gives the carbohydrates stability, allowing for the formation of tough structures that allow for structural support.

where do we see structural carbohydrates?

cellulose in plant cell walls and chitin shells in crabs.

what are lipids commonly referred to as?

fats or oils.

what are the monomers of Lipids

Fatty acids.

Polymers of Lipids

Lipids.

what are the main Functions of Lipids

Long term energy storage, insulation, and protection of organs.

what is the structure of Lipids

Long hydrocarbon chains.

Elemental Composition of Lipids

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen with a 1-Carbon: 2-Hdrogen: very little oxygen ratio.

what are Phospholipids

A special type of lipid that makes up the main part of the cell membrane.

are lipids Hydrophobic or hydrophillic

Lipids are hydrophobic (they avoid water)

what is the structure Saturated Fats, what can they lead to and why?

- saturated fats do not have double bonds in their molecular structure.

- They are linear which means they can stack and form solids at room temp.

- They can lead to lipid build-up in blood vessels.

what is the structure of unsaturated Fats, what can they lead to and why?

- Have double bonds in their molecular structure,

- this prevents stacking, so they are liquid at room temperature.

- so they are less likely to clog arteries and veins

where are proteins commonly found?

meats and muscles.

monomers of proteins

amino acids

polymer of proteins

polupeptides

what is the Structure of Proteins

Very complex with four levels

what is the Elemental Composition of Proteins

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulfur (CHONS)

what are the main Functions of Proteins

1. Wounds and tissue repair

2. enzyme: catalyzing chemical reactions

3. Cell Signaling: hormones

4. antibody: defend against pathogens

5. structure: provide support/shape eg. collagen

6. transport: carry substances eg. hemoglobin

what are Enzymes

Specialized proteins that speed up (catalyze) chemical reactions in cells to help maintain homeostasis

what are Cell Membrane Proteins

proteins embedded in the cell membrane that help with transporting materials into and out of the cell.

what are Nucleic Acids commonly referred to

genetic material.

Monomers of Nucleic Acids

Nucleotides

3 Parts of a Nucleotide

Sugar, Phosphate, Nitrogenous Base

what are pyrimidines

cytosine, thymine, uracil

what are purines

Adenine and Guanine

Elemental Composition of Nucleic Acids

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorous (CHONP)

what are the Main Functions of Nucleic Acids

Storage of genetic material

2 Types of Nucleic Acids

DNA and RNA

what does it mean that Nucleic Acids have directionality?

they have a 5' end and 3' end

what is the structure of DNA in euk. and prokaryotes?

in eukaryotes: linear, double Stranded double helix

In prokaryotes: circular, double stranded helix

what is the purpose of DNA

stores the genetic code

what is the structure of RNA

single stranded

what are the 3 Types of RNA

Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA), Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

what is the purpose of rna

used for protein synthesis

what are the Nucleotides in DNA

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

what are the Nucleotides in RNA

Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine

difference between Sugar in dna vs rna

DNA has deoxyribose sugar, RNA has ribose sugar

what is the Stability of DNA vs RNA

DNA is more stable than RNA

Location of DNA

Eukaryotes: Nucleus,

Prokaryotes: Floating in the cytoplasm of the cell

Location of RNA

Made in the nucleus and transported to the cytoplasm

2 types of Bonding in Nucleotides

1. bonds that link two nitrogenous bases together: hydrogen bonds;

2. bonds that link nucleotides together: covalent 'phosphodiester bonds' between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and sugar group of another

what determines the genetic information in nucleic acids

the order of nucleotides

what is the energy we get from breaking down Biomolecules?

The energy we get from breaking down biomolecules is called 'Calories'

what are broken down by the body for energy?

lipids, carbs, proteins

which biomolecule has the most energy and how much?

lipids: 9 calories in 1 gram of fat

how much Energy do Carbohydrates and Proteins have?

they have equal amounts:

4 calories in 1 gram of sugar/protein

what are not broken down for energy?

Nucleic acids are NOT broken down for energy

is a function of proteins energy storage?

no