Lecture 3: Expression of the genetic code: Transcription
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Last updated 4:53 PM on 2/23/25
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24 Terms
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Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
DNA → RNA → Protein; describes the flow of genetic information in a cell.
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Gene
A sequence of DNA that codes for a protein or RNA molecule.
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Gene Expression
The process by which information in DNA is used to synthesize proteins (via transcription and translation).
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Promoter
A DNA sequence where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription.
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Terminator
A DNA sequence signaling RNA polymerase to stop transcription.
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Exons
Coding regions of a gene that remain in mRNA and are translated into proteins.
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Introns
Non-coding sequences that are removed during mRNA processing.
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General Transcription Factors
Help RNA polymerase bind to the promoter and initiate transcription.
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Regulatory Transcription Factors
Enhance or repress gene transcription by interacting with regulatory DNA sequences.
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Activators
Increase transcription by binding to enhancers.
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Repressors
Decrease transcription by binding to silencers.
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Enhancers
DNA sequences that increase gene expression.
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Silencers
DNA sequences that suppress gene expression.
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RNA Polymerase
Synthesizes RNA from a DNA template.
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RNA Polymerase II
The enzyme that transcribes protein-coding genes in eukaryotes.
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5' → 3' Direction
The direction in which RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA.
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Template Strand
The DNA strand that RNA polymerase reads to create the RNA transcript.
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5’ Cap
A modified guanine nucleotide added to protect mRNA and aid in ribosome binding.
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Poly-A Tail
A string of adenines added to the 3’ end of mRNA for stability and transport.
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Splicing
The removal of introns and joining of exons in mRNA processing.
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Alternative Splicing
The process where different exons are included or excluded, producing multiple proteins from the same gene.
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Differential Gene Expression
The process by which different cells express different sets of genes, leading to cell specialization.
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Transcription vs. DNA Replication
Transcription makes RNA from DNA; DNA replication makes an entire DNA copy.
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Does transcription copy both DNA strands?
No, only the template strand is copied.
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