Comprehensive Stroke and TBI: Causes, Types, and Risk Factors

What is the primary cause of hemorrhagic strokes mentioned in the slides?

Head impact (TBI) and aneurysm (weakened area of blood vessel)

What is an aneurysm?

A weakened area of a blood vessel

List 3 uncontrollable risk factors for stroke.

Family history, race, and age

List 4 controllable risk factors for stroke.

Hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, high cholesterol, obesity, smoking/drug use

What must be remembered about the onset of stroke warning signs?

All occur suddenly

What are the two types of primary damage from TBI head impacts?

Focal damage (brain hits inside of skull) and diffuse axonal injury

List three types of secondary/delayed neurological damage following TBI.

Hematomas, edema, excitotoxicity, multiple traumas, hydrocephalus, increased intracranial pressure, seizures

What is the location of a Subdural Hematoma?

Between the dura and arachnoid layer

What is the location of an Epidural Hematoma?

Between the osteal and meningeal layers of the dura

What is the location of an Intracerebral Hematoma?

Within brain tissue

What are the two types of axonal degeneration post-injury?

Retrograde degeneration and Wallerian (anterograde) degeneration

What is the main cause of edema after TBI?

Changes to the blood-brain barrier

What is the function of Microglia during the CNS response to injury?

Phagocytosis; they remove dead tissue

How do Schwann cells assist in axon regeneration in the PNS?

They create a tube that guides growth of the proximal end

Why is axonal regeneration minimal in the CNS?

No Schwann cells, CNS myelin inhibits outgrowth, inflammation limits regrowth

What are three ways to enhance Brain Health?

Cardiac health, cognitive exercise, and socialization

Which three age groups have the highest rate of TBI ED visits?

Adults over 75, children 0-4, and people 15-24

What is the leading cause of TBI in adults over 55?

Falls

What is the risk ratio for TBI death rates between males and females?

Male to female death rates = 3:1

List three specific stroke warning signs affecting unilateral movement or sensation.

Weakness or numbness in face, arm, or leg on one side; dizziness or loss of balance