BSC1005 MIDTERM MDC

What is Biology?

The scientific study of life.

Proper components of the SCIENTIFIC METHOD.

Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Prediction, Experiment, Results, Conclusion.

Taxonomy is the ____?

Naming and classifying of species.

Which Kingdom of Eukarya consist primarily of unicellular organisms?

Protista

What accounts for the different breeds of domesticated dogs?

Artificial selection.

Relative to prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells are usually ______.

EUKARYOTIC: Larger, and MORE COMPLEX.

What does adaption mean in a biological context?

The accumulation of favorable variations in a population over time.

What is the difference between discovery science and hypothesis driven science?

Discover science describes natural structures and processes as accurately as possible through careful observation and data analysis.

Hypothesis- driven science is the observation and induction of discovery science. It stimulates us to seek natural structures and processes.

A Hypothesis is a ____.

Tentative answer to a question.

What is a Gene?

A unit of inheritance.

The second Electron Shell of an atom can hold a maximum of _____ electrons.

8

All atoms of an element have the same number of _____.

Protons

Relative to a PH of 6, a PH of 4 has a ______.

100 time high H+ concentration.

The lower the PH of a solution, the ________.

more acidic.

______ is an example of an element.

Carbon

What are the reactants of the following chemical reaction? C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2 + ---> 6 CO2 +12H2O

C6H12O6, H2O, and O2

Why is water considered a polar molecule?

The oxygen end of the molecule has a slight negative charge, and the hydrogen end has a slight positive charge.

Adjacent water molecules are joined by _______ bonds.

Polar and covalent.

A Base ______.

Will increase the PH of a solution as it will lower the H+ ions.

Animals store carbohydrates as _______?

Glycogen.

The following molecule is best described as ______.

CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2

hydrocarbon.

A pleated sheet is an example of protein ______structure

Secondary

Carbohydrates typically include ______.

C, H, and O atoms.

A single carbon atom can form a maximum of ______ covalent bonds.

4

Proteins are polymers constructed from _______ monomers.

Amino acid.

Which of the following is true regrading a DNA molecule?

The amount of adenine is equal to the amount of thymine, and the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of cytosine.

The following molecule is best described as _______.

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2

hydrocarbon.

Enzymes are?

proteins.

Destruction of a proteins shape is called _____.

denaturation

How do radioactive isotopes differ from isotopes?

RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES: UNSTABLE

ISOTOPES: STABLE

What are the reactant(s) in the following chemical reaction?

C6H12O6+6 H2O+6 O2--->6 CO2+12 H2O

C6H12O6, H2O, and O2

An uncharged atom of gold has an ATOMIC NUMBER of 79 and an ATOMIC MASS of 197.

This atom has _____ protons, _______ neutrons, and ______ electrons.

79....118....79

Sweating cools your body by ____.

evaporative cooling.

The hydrogens and oxygen of a water molecule are held together by ______ bonds.

Covalent.

The four most common elements found in living things are ______.

Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen.

In the following reaction, what type of bond is holding the two atoms together?

K + C1---> K+ + C1- ---> KC1

Ionic.

Why (if you are careful) are you able to float a needle on the surface of water?

The surface tension due to the waters cohesive properties makes this possible.

Amino acids include a side group as well as _____.

- a central carbon

- a hydrogen atom

- an amino group

- a carboxyl group

LOOK UP FIGURE TO

Single DNA structure.

People with lactose intolerance do not have enough

lactase

_____ is a steroid.

Estrogen.

If one strand of a DNA double helix has the sequence AGTACTG, what will be the sequence of the other strand?

TCATGAC

How does RNA differ from DNA?

RNA contains uracil; DNA contains thymine.

A friend of yours appears to have put on a lot of muscle very quickly. At the same time, you notice that your friend seems to have a lot of mood swings and appears depressed. It is reasonable for you to suspect that your friend has begun to take ______.

an ANABOLIC STEROID

You try to start your car, but it does not start. Which of these is a hypothesis?

My car battery is dead.

What is the name given to functional compartments of a cell.

Organelles.

How does TAXONOMY assist biologist?

by categorizing diverse items into smaller and smaller numbers of groups.

The DNA of a Eukaryotic cell is found within the _____.

Nucleus.

The branch of biology that explains both the diversity and unity of life is ______.

Evolution.

You try to start your car, but it does not start. Which of these is a prediction?

If I recharge the battery, then my car will start.

What is required for natural selection to occur?

A) unequal reproductive success

B) individual variation

C) overreproduction

D) inheritance

E) all of the above

ALL OF THE ABOVE!

Lysosomes are responsible for ______.

digestion of organic matter inside the cell.

The concept of a membrane as a fluid mosaic reflects the ability of ______.

Phospholipids AND proteins to drift about in the plane of the membrane

Where does protein synthesis take place?

on Ribosomes

A hormone that will be secreted from the cell is manufactured by ribosomes ________.

attached to endoplasmic reticulum.

What structures move proteins from the ER to the Golgi apparatus?

transport vesicles.

Which of the following is a feature of prokaryotic cells but not eukaryotic cells?

Pili

Information is transferred from the nucleus to ribosomes via ____.

mRNA

Microtubules are associated with ______.

A) cilia

B) flagella

C) cell shape in animal cells

D) all of the above

ALL OF THE ABOVE.

______ are the major lipids of plasma membranes.

Phospholipids

What type of microscope would be best for studying the detailed structure of the surface of a plasma membrane?

Scanning electron microscope.

Active transport ______.

A) Uses ATP as an energy source

B) Can move solutes against their concentration gradient

C) Requires the cell to expend energy

D) Can involve the transport of ions

E) All of the above

E) All of the above

In a hypotonic solution, a plant cell will _____.

become turgid.

An object at rest has no ______ energy, but it may have _____ energy resulting from its location or structure.

kinetic....potential.

Energy is transferred from ATP to other molecules by transferring a(n) ______.

Phosphate group.

Which component of the following reaction is the SUBSTRATE?

sucrose + sucrase + water --> sucrase + glucose + fructose

Sucrose.

Relaying a message from a receptor protein to a molecule that performs a specific function within a cell is called _____.

Signal transduction.

Osmosis can be defined as ______.

The diffusion of water.

Which component of the following reaction is the ENZYME?

sucrose + sucrase + water sucrase + glucose + fructose

Sucrase.

Substances that plug up an enzymes active sites are ___.

Enzyme inhibitors

Facilitated diffusion across a biological membrane requires _____ and moves a substance _____ its concentration gradient.

Transport proteins

Down.

The act of a white blood cell engulfing a bacteruim is _____.

phagocytosis

An enzymes function is dependent on its ______.

Shape.

Diffusion ______.

Proceeds until equilibrium is reached.

Which of the following processes could result in the net movement of a substance into a cell, if the substance is more concentrated in the cell than in the surroundings?

Active Transport.

Which of the following is a measure of randomness in a system?

Entropy.

Diffusion is an example of ______.

Passive transport.

A rock at the top of a mountain contains ______ energy.

Potential.

Which of the following are true?

A) Most enzymes are lipids.

B) An enzyme's function is unaffected by antibiotics.

C) Enzymes are the reactants in a chemical reaction.

D) Enzymes catalyze specific reactions.

E) An enzyme's function requires inhibitors.

C) Enzymes are the reactants in a chemical reaction.

If placed in tap water, an animal cell will undergo lysis (refers to the breaking down of the membrane of a cell) Whereas the plant cell will not. What accounts for the difference?

The relative inelasticity and strength of the plant cell wall.

Read the following scenario to answer the following question(s).

Cellular respiration converts the energy of fuel molecules to a form of energy that a cell can use to perform work. In an average day, most adult humans need to consume about 2,000 Calories to maintain their health. However, the exact amount of dietary Calories a person needs depends upon many factors, including the person's age, physical activity, size, and health. Foods that we consume vary greatly in their nutritional content and quality. A large hard-boiled egg, for example, has about 75 dietary Calories and contains about 70% of our recommended daily intake of cholesterol.

Molecules that come from the food we eat provide energy for the amazing work that goes on inside of our cells. This energy, stored inside of our food, is a form of ______.

Potential energy called chemical energy.

When two solutions that differ in solute concentration are placed on either side of a selectively permeable membrane, and osmosis is allowed to take place, the water will ______.

Exhibit a net movement to the side with lower water concentration.

Which of the following parts of a cell is (are) most likely the shipping center of a company?

the Gogli apparatus.

Which of the following is a function of the Gogli apparatus.

Protein modification.

Vacuoles are _____.

Membranous sacs.

Cellular respiration can be described as the conversion of the energy _____.

Stored in food molecules to energy stored in ATP.

Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis?

Chloroplast.

Read the following scenario to answer the following question(s).

The earliest cells detectable in fossils were different from the cells in animals, plants, fungi, and protists living today. These first prokaryotic cells gave rise to eukaryotic cells approximately 1.7 billion years ago. The structure of eukaryotic cells today suggests how they might have evolved from their prokaryotic ancestors. Scientists examining mitochondria and chloroplasts now think that these organelles were probably free-living prokaryotes before becoming a part of eukaryotic cells long ago.

Which of the following is a characteristic of chloroplasts that suggests that they might have evolved from free-living bacteria?

Chloroplast have their own DNA.

The region of an enzyme to which substrate binds is called the ____ site.

Active.

Plant cells, unlike animal cells, are characterized by the presence of a ____?

Cell wall and central vacuole.

The sum total of all the chemical reactions that occur in organisms is called ______.

Metabolism.

Which of the following structures manufactures the components of ribosomes?

Nucleus.

Why is glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved?

It does not involve organelles or specialized structures, does not require oxygen, and is present in most organisms.

In cellular respiration, most ATP is produced directly as a result of _____.

The movement of hydrogen ions across the mitochondrial membrane.

During redox reactions, _____.

Electrons are lost from one substance and added to another substance.

How many carbon atoms are fed into the citric acid cycle as a result of the oxidation of one molecule of pyruvate?

Two

Which of the following intermediary metabolites enters the citric acid cycle and is formed, in part, by the removal of carbon (CO2) from one molecule of pyruvate?

Acetyl CoA

A child is born with a rare disease in which mitochondria are missing from certain skeletal muscle cells. Physicians find that the muscle cells function. Not surprisingly, they also find that ______.

The muscles contain large amounts of lactic acid following even mild physical exercise

Which part of cellular respiration produces the most NADH?

Citric acid cycle.

A product of glycolysis is ____.

A) Lactic Acid

B) Ethyl Alcohol

C) NAD+

D) O2

E) Pyruvic Acid

Pyruvis Acid.