chapter 5: Drugs, addiction, and reward

rate routes of drug administration from quickest (to reach brain) to slowest:
snorting/snuffing

injection

ingestion

inhalation

inhalation, injection, snorting/snuffing, ingestion

_____ is often called “cross tolerance”

sensitization

tolerance to only the drug effects that are experienced is called _____ drug tolerance

contingent

_____ route of administration is the HARDEST to counteract if there are adverse effects

intravenous

which structure is not technically part of the drug reward pathway?

substantia nigra

an agonistic drug increases the number of neurotransmitter molecules by destroying _____ enzymes

degrading

an antagonistic drug decreases the number of neurotransmitter molecules by destroying _____ enzymes

synthesizing

_____ _____- exposure to one drug can produce tolerance to similar drugs

cross tolerance

tolerance:

_____- less drug is getting to the site of action

_____- decreased responsiveness at the site of action, fewer receptors, decreased efficiency of binding at receptors, receptors less responsive

metabolic, functional

withdrawal-

symptoms are the (same/opposite) of the effects of the drug

opposite

mouse study- alcohol and seizures:

main finding- seizure activity was _____ by the depressive effects of alcohol

lengthened

conditioned drug tolerance (_____ specificity):

maximum tolerance effects are seen in the _____ in which a drug is taken

situational, environment

brain circuitry exists that _____ behaviors; many species will work for stimulation of brain _____ centers

reinforces, pleasure

mesotelencephalic dopamine system:

_____ pathway

_____ pathway

nigrostriatal, mesocorticolimbic

mesocorticolimbic pathway:

many of the brain sites at which _____-_____ occurs are part of this system

increase in _____

self-stimulation, dopamine

depressants- sedative-hypnotics- “first wave” barbiturates:

(fast/slow) acting

also known as “downers”

middle age to older persons are susceptible to _____ when using drugs as “sleeping pills”

fast, dependence

depressants- sedative-hypnotics- “second wave” benzodiazepines:

some can serve as anxiolytics (_____-_____)

anti-anxiety

barbiturates and benzodiazepines (can/cannot) be taken in combination

cannot

psychostimulants:

drugs _____ CNS to produce arousal

examples include _____ and _____

acute responses include increased _____ _____ and _____ _____

chronic/toxic responses include _____, intense _____, and _____ damage; weight (gain/loss)

activate, nicotine, caffeine, cocaine, heart rate, blood pressure, hallucinations, anxiety, heart, loss

opioids:

act on _____ receptors (blocks pain receptors)

examples include _____ and _____

endorphin, morphine, heroin

psychedelic- hallucinogens- LSD:

most _____

causes ~8 hours of changes in _____ perception, _____ swings, and feelings of _____ and detachment

causes _____ of hallucinations

potent, sensory, mood, depersonalization, flashbacks

psychedelic- hallucinogens- ecstacy:

also a _____

triggers _____ release and blocks reuptake, causing feelings of euphoria

stimulant, serotonin

psychedelic- hallucinogens- marijuana:

considered a _____ hallucinogen

mild