12 - Ruminants Male UGT Conditions

Retractor Penis

Which UGT muscle relaxes to allow erection?

Bulbospongiosus

Which UGT muscle allows propulsion of urine and semen in the extrapelvic urethra?

Pudendal

Which nerves provide motor supply to the retractor muscles and sensory innervation of the penis through the dorsal penile nerves? Blocking these nerves allow relaxation and desensitization for surgery.

11

The internal lamina and integument of the penis will separate at 8 to how many months of age in livestock? This coincides with sexual maturity and increased testosterone.

Diverticulum

The urethral what in the livestock is located at the ischial arch and mostly prevents catheterization?

Apical

What ligament in the bull is located at the dorsal penis near the free end and holds the penis straight for intromission? It slips laterally at ejaculation, causing spiral deviation.

Teaser

Bulls used for what purpose must have good libido, freedom from contagious diseases, mild temperament, and small size? Surgery can be done if the are less than 300 kg/600 lbs to provide infertility and prevention of intromission so they can serve this purpose.

Infertility

Surgery to provide what in teaser bulls can include epididymectomy and vasectomy?

Intromission

Surgery to provide prevention of what in teaser bulls can include penopexy and penile translocation? This also reduces the risk of venereal disease transmission.

Epididymectomy

What surgery used to cause infertility in teaser bulls can be done either as a sole or supplementary procedure and can be used for all ruminants but mainly bulls? It can be done in recumbency, standing, or sitting (ram) with local anesthesia of the ventral scrotum and testes. The ventral scrotum and vaginal tunic are incised and blunt dissection of this tube structure is done, followed by clamping and ligating of the tail and resection of the clamped section. Skin sutures can include the vaginal tunic and SC as well.

30

Teaser bulls must not be used until how many days after epididymectomy and vasectomy to ensure infertility?

Vasectomy

What surgery is done to cause infertility in teaser bulls either as a sole or supplementary procedure, and can be used for all ruminants? It involves lateral recumbency/standing/sitting, local anesthesia and vertical incision in the neck of the scrotum on the axial aspect of the spermatic cord abaxial to the median raphe, exteriorizing of the spermatic cord and incising the vaginal tunic, and blunt dissection of the ductus deferens and pampiniform plexus. Clamping and ligation are done, a 3 cm section is removed, and the skin incision is sutured closed. The removed section is sent for histopathology and the animal is permanently marked. Both sides are done.

Penopexy

What procedure to prevent intromission in teaser bulls involves permanent adhesion between the tunica albuginea and linea alba? The patient is in lateral recumbency with GA or sedation and local infiltration/caudal epidural (high). An incision is made laterally along the prepuce to free up the dorsal surface of the penis and linea alba, and is sutured with simple interrupted sutures. Sutures must not be placed through the urethra and the deep and skin layers are closed.

3-6

About how many weeks after penopexy will adhesions develop?

Translocation

Penile what surgery is done to prevent intromission and is more complicated than a penopexy? The erection will not be painful, so libido and reproductive function will be maintained for a longer period of time. It is the preferred technique for long-term libido. The patient is placed in dorsal recumbency with GA/sedation/high epidural/LA, an incision is made around the preputial opening and along the shaft of the penis, freeing the penis from surrounding tissues. A new opening is formed in the left ventral flank and tunneling of the freed penis through the subcutaneous tissue to a new opening and suturing of incisions are done. Antibiotics can be provided if necessary.

4-6

About how many weeks after penile translocation will adhesions form?

Urolithiasis

What condition that requires surgery occurs predominantly in males as females have a shorter urethra and larger urethral lumen? Clinical signs can include abdominal pain, stranguria, anuria, anorexia, lethargy, and vocalization (goats).

Steers

The predilection site for urolithiasis in which animals is in the distal sigmoid flexure?

Swine

The urolithiasis predilection sites for which animals include the distal sigmoid flexure and distal penile urethra?

Rams, Bucks

Urolithiasis predilection sites in which two animals include the urethral process and distal sigmoid flexure?

Less

Urolithiasis symptoms from cases more or less than 24 hours old include no urethral/bladder rupture, mild dehydration, azotemia, and palpable bladder distention?

More

Urolithiasis symptoms from cases more or less than 24 hours will include urethral/bladder rupture, progressive ascites, and ventral abdominal wall edema?

Urethral

Amputation of what process in the male UGT of goats and sheep can be done for urolithiasis, and is successful in 50% of cases (fails due to secondary calculi in other locations)? Diagnosis of this condition is with palpation of calculi within the process, hemorrhage, and crystals in the surrounding wool. This procedure involves sedation/restraint, local anesthesia or epidural in large animals, cutting at the base away from the glans, and monitoring usually self-limiting hemorrhage. Spontaneous urination will signify a successful procedure. Hemorrhage may affect semen quality for 1-2 weeks, so sexual rest is advised.

No

Does urethral process amputation affect long term fertility?

Urohydropulsion

What procedure for urolithiasis involves urethral flushing and provides inconsistent results in farm animals? It is best if used for a solitary calculus, though ruminants often have multiple calculi. Catheterization can help determine the location of obstruction, though only up to the diverticulum. Intra-urethral lidocaine and lubrication are important. Small ruminants may require an amputation of the urethral process first, and breeding bulls may require urethrotomy first. Complications can include traumatic urethritis, urethral tears, and recurrence.

Penectomy

What procedure for urolithiasis involves penile amputation, and is a salvage procedure for slaughter animals that causes loss of breeding ability? The procedure involves standing (bovine), or recumbency (small ruminants, pigs), epidural/general anesthesia, penile transection above the obstruction and resection of the distal stump, fixation of the proximal stump to skin, and urethral fistulation. Post-op can require antibiotics for 5-7 days, and vaseline and other products can be used for production from urine scald. Myasis should also be prevented. Stricture will always occur over time.

Suture

Is a suture or tube placed to correct a CCP hemorrhage from penectomy?

Tube

Is a suture or tube placed to correct a CSP hemorrhage from penectomy?

Perineal

What type of urethrostomy is indicated in pet animals and older feedlot steers? It is a short term procedure for slaughter in these cases and develops recurrence or restriction within 8 months. The procedure is the same approach as penectomy, is done proximal to the distal bend of the sigmoid flexure, and involves apposition of the urethral mucosa to the skin edges. Loss of breeding ability will occur. Complications can include stricture with repeat stoma more proximal and recurrent obstructions.

Ischial

What type of urethrostomy is indicated for younger steers intended for slaughter and concomitant bladder/urethral rupture? An indwelling foley catheter is placed which will not develop stricture, is less likely to scald, and allows bladder/urethra healing by second intention. The procedure is done at the level of the ischium, retrograde insertion of the catheter is placed into the bladder and fixed to the skin with sutures. The inner tube is sutured below the anus to prevent fecal contamination. Loss of breeding ability will occur.

Foley

What type of catheter is placed in a retrograde direction for an ischial urethrostomy?

Urethrotomy

What procedure is done to create a temporary stoma, can be done in an ischial location, and involves retrograde and normograde flushing to discharge the calculus? Normograde placement of a catheter is done through to the urethral orifice, and closure is done. The catheter usually dislodges in 4-5 days, but can be left for 10 days (2-3 weeks if urethral rupture is present). This maintains breeding ability.

Cystotomy

What procedure is indicated for urolithiasis in pet ruminants and pigs, and in breeding small ruminants as it will retain breeding ability, and bladder rupture? The procedure includes general anesthesia/epidural/local anesthesia, urethral catheterization, dorsal recumbency, paramedian approach, bladder repair if necessary, and normo/retrograde urohydropulsion. Antibiotics are given for 3-5 days and NSAIDs are also given.

Paramedian

What approach is used to do a cystotomy in a ruminant?

Tube

What type of cystotomy is indicated for breeding small ruminants with bladder or urethral rupture to facilitate healing and retain breeding ability, and for pet animals? Procedure involves the same as regular cystotomy, plus a separate stab incision for Foley catheters (large as possible), a purse string suture to fix the bladder, a finger trap suture to fix in the skin, and a one-way valve. Post-op involves clamping the Foley for a few hours to assess urethral patency (after 4 days). Clamping is prolonged if the urethra is patent and after 1-2 days of micturition can be removed.

7

A minimum of how many days post-surgery for tube cystotomy is required before the Foley catheter can be removed? The bladder will heal by second intention. Antibiotics are also given for this same number of days.

Permanent

What type of cystotomy is an alternative to tube cystotomy and involves marsupialisation to cause a permanent stoma, and will retain breeding ability? It is indicated for urethral stricture or urethrostomy. Complications can include urinary incontinence, stricture, and possible ascending infection.

Ischiorectal

A pudendal nerve block can be done in what fossa, using a skin bleb, 14 1.25cm guide needle, 18 10cm spinal needle, and guiding laterally and ventrally towards the lesser sacrosciatic foramen? It is the nerve just above the internal pudendal artery. One hand is placed in the rectum for guiding. 20ml of lidocaine is used and it is done on the left and right sides. It can take 30-40 minutes to relax and lasts 2-4 hours.

Frenulum

A persistent what is congenital and refers to incomplete separation of the internal and external preputial lamina, and should occur by 8-11 months? It causes ventral deviation and prevents intromission. The procedure involves restraint, exteriorizing the penis, local anesthesia at attachments of the frenulum, and ligation/transection. 2-4 weeks of sexual rest are required, and it is heritable, so it should only be used to breed terminal stock.

Fibropapilloma

What neoplasia of the external penis is caused by bovine papilloma virus, and has clinical signs like growths which interfere with intromission and hemospermia? Treatment is via benign neglect, autogenous vaccine, and surgical excision.

Yes

Are pudendal and dorsal penile nerve blocks sometimes required for hair ring treatment?

Hematoma

What penile condition is often caused by a penile fracture, with a rupture of the tunica albuginea at the dorsal level of the retractor penis insertion? Clinical signs include swelling anterior to the scrotum and possible preputial prolapse. Treatment can be conservative (sexual rest, hydrotherapy, massage, NSAIDs) which allows 50% to return to breeding, or surgery (standing/GA, incision and clot removal, lavage, rent repair). Salvage slaughter is also an option.

8

Sexual rest up to how many weeks is involved in conservative treatment of a penile fracture/hematoma?

Laceration

A preputial what condition is predisposed in Bos Indicus animals due to the pendulous prepuce, and can occur when the prepuce is trapped between the bull and cow during intromission or from longitudinal injury of the prepuce? Clinical signs include preputial prolapse (bos indicus), or phimosis (bos taurus). Treatment can be conservative (emollient) or surgical (horizontal repair (best and reduces stricture)) or through reefing surgery.

Surgical

Will surgical or conservative treatment for a penile laceration have reduced healing time?