Studied by 8 people
infectious and parasitic disease
transmitted from one person 2 another including disease tuberculosis, polio, smallpox hepatitis sti + illness: syphilis, venereal.
-Parasites such as worms, skin mites, and body lice enter the body through contaminated food, water or contact w others w parasites on skin/hair
-Cause sickness/death Water, food contaminated supplies + rubbish was not well established Leading to outbreaks of diarrhoea + disease.
old public health
government actions that focused on changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of disease
Old public health policies and practices
-improved water and sanitation
-introduction of quarantine laws
-better quality housing and fewer slums
-better quality food, safer working conditions
-more hygienic birthing practices
-mass immunisation programs
biomedical approach to health
focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness. It is a medical model practised by doctors and health professionals and is associated with the diagnosis, treatment and cure of disease.
diagnosis
identification of a disease
cure and treatment
refers to the intervention or steps to take control of an illness
features of the biomedical approach
-focuses on individuals who are ill
-concerned with disease, illness or injury
-relies on services provided by doctors and specialists
-quick fix approach,
-relies on technology
advantages to the biomedical approach
-The funding provided for the approach brings about improvements in technology and research
-It enables many common problems to be effectively treated
-It extends life expectancy
-It improves quality of life
disadvantages to the biomedical approach
- It relies on professional health workers and technology and is therefore costly
- It doesn't always promote good health and wellbeing
- Not every condition can be treated
- Affordability
new public health
expands the traditional focus on individual behaviour change to one that considers the ways in which physical, sociocultural and political environments impact on health. Also referred to as the social model of health
social model of health
an approach that recognises improvements in health and wellbeing can only be achieved by directing effort towards addressing the physical, sociocultural and political environments of health that have an impact on individuals and population groups
principles of the social model of health
- Addresses the broader determinants of health: determinants that sit outside the control of the individual such as gender, culture, race or ethnicity, socioeconomic status, geographical location and the physical environment.
- Involves intersectoral collaboration: government and non-government organisations who have an influence over the sociocultural and environmental factors/determinants that influence health status work together to promote health and wellbeing.
- Acts to reduce social inequities: initiatives should focus on groups who experience poorer health outcomes than the rest of the population, such as Indigenous Australians and those from low socioeconomic backgrounds.
- Acts to enable access to health care: sociocultural and environmental factors that reduce access to healthcare for all people. They include cultural and language barriers, economic and geographical factors, and education levels.
- Empowers individuals and communities: empower individuals and communities so they can participate in decisions made about their health and wellbeing.
advantages of the social model of health
- it promotes good health and wellbeing and assists in preventing diseases.
- it promotes overall health and wellbeing.
- inexpensive.
- it focuses on vulnerable population groups.
- education can be passed on from generation to generation.
- the responsibility for health and wellbeing is shared.
disadvantages to the social model of health
- Not every condition can be prevented
- It does not promote the development of technology and medical knowledge
- It does not address the health concerns of individuals
- Health promotion messages may be ignored
Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion
an approach to health developed by the World Health Organization that aims to reduce inequalities in health. It reflects the social model of health and provides five action areas that can be used as a basis for improving health status
Ottawa Strategies for Health Promotion
Enable, Mediate, Advocate
Enable (Ottawa Charter)
refers to the education people have and helping them take control of their own health
Mediate (Ottawa Charter)
relates to helping individuals, groups, businesses etc resolve conflict that may result from changes in funding, legislation and policies around health to produce outcomes
Advocate (Ottawa Charter)
actions designed to gain support from government and societies to improve health
action areas for the ottawa charter
-Build healthy public policy
-Create supportive environments
-Strengthen community action
-Develop personal skills
-Reorient health services
Build healthy public policy - ottawa charter
Relates directly to the decisions made by government and organisations in relation to laws and policies that affect health
-increasing tax on tobacco
-compulsory seatbelt wearing
creative supportive environments- ottawa charter
recognises the impact that broader determinants have on health and aims to promote a healthy physical and sociocultural environment that promotes health and wellbeing
-safe working environments
-smoke free places
strengthen community action- ottawa charter
Focuses on building links between individuals and the community and centres around the community working together to achieve a common goal, giving the community a sense of ownership
-immunisation strategies
develop personal skills - ottawa charter
gaining health related knowledge and skills through education that allow people to make informed decisions about their health and wellbeing
-educating parents about sunscreen
reorient health services - ottawa charter
refers to changing the health system so that it promotes health and wellbeing rather than just diagnosing and treatment
-doctors focusing a discussion around healthy eating, rather medication to reduce CVD
-providing funding for health promotion campaigns
medicare
Australia's universal healthcare scheme that gives all Australians, permanent residents and people from countries with reciprocal agreements access to subsided healthcare
Out-of hospital expenses (Medicare)
are costs for services such as doctors, specialists, tests and x-rays
schedule fee
Amount Medicare will contribute to a health service
services covered by medicare
-doctor and specialist consultations
-most surgical and other therapeutic procedures performed by general practitioners
-x-rays
-eye tests performed by optometrists
-pathology (blood and urine tests)
-fee-free treatment and accomodation in public hospitals
-some dental services
-75% of the schedule fee for treatment in a private hospital
medicare safety net
Provides extra financial assistance for those that incur significant out of pocket costs for Medicare services
Services NOT covered by Medicare
-any cosmetic or unnecessary procedures
-most private hospital care costs
-home nursing and care
-ambulance services
-allied health services
-health related aids (glasses)
-pharmaceuticals
-dental examinations and treatments
medicare advantages
- Choice of doctor for out-of-hospital services
- Available to all Australian citizens
- Reciprocal agreement between Australia and other countries
- Covers tests and examinations, doctors' and specialists' fees (schedule fee only), and some procedures such as x-rays and eye tests
- The Medicare Safety Net provides extra financial contributions for medical services once an individual's or family's co-payments reach a certain level
Medicare disadvantages
- No choice of doctor for in-hospital treatments
- Waiting lists for many treatments
- Does not cover alternative therapies
- Often does not cover the full amount of a doctor's visit
medicare funding
Medicare levy, Medicare levy surcharge, general taxation
medicare levy
2 per cent tax for all Australian tax payers to fund Medicare
Medicare levy surcharge
an additional 1-1.5 per cent tax on high income earners who do not have private health insurance
general taxation
income collected through general income tax of all Australians
pharmaceutical benefits scheme (PBS)
A scheme that subsidises the cost of a range of prescription medications making them more affordable for Australians. It is administered by Medicare.
National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS)
A national insurance scheme that provides services and support for people with permanent, significant disabilities, and their families and carers.
requirements for NDIS
To be eligible for the NDIS, a person must be aged under 65 (age requirement) and be a resident or citizen of australia (residency) aswell as meet the disability requirements:
Disability requirements:
· You have an impairment or condition that is likely to be permanent
· Your impairment substantially reduces your ability to participate effectively in activities, or perform tasks or actions unless you have:
o Assistance from other people or
o Assistive technology or equipment (other than common items such as glasses) or
o You can't participate effectively even with assistance or aides and equipment
· Your impairment affects your capacity for social and economic participation
· You are likely to require support under the NDIS for your lifetime
what the NDIS assists in
-access mainstream services and supports (doctors, housing etc)
-access community services and supports (sports clubs, libraries etc)
-maintain informal support arrangements (help from family and friends)
-receive reasonable and necessary supports (wheelchairs, shower care, bed rails etc)
Private Health Insurance
an insurance policy in which members can pay a premium that helps pay for services not covered by Medicare
private health insurance incentives
1. Lifetime health cover
2. Private Health Insurance rebate
3. Medicare Levy Surcharge
4 Age based discount
lifetime health cover (PHI)
people who take out PHI after the age of 31 pay an extra 2% on their premiums for every year they are over 30
private health insurance rebate
Under this scheme, policy holders receive a 30% rebate on their premiums for private health insurance.
age based discount (PHI)
under this initiative insurers have the option of offering young people aged 18-29 a discount of up to 10%
Advantages of Private Health Insurance
- Enables access to private hospital care
- Choice of doctor while in public or private hospital
- Shorter waiting times for some medical procedures such as elective surgery
-helps keep medicare under control
-high income earners who have PHI don't have to pay the medicare levy surcharge
-reduces stress on the public health system
disadvantages to private health insurance
- Costly in terms of the premiums that have to be paid
- Sometimes have a 'gap', which means the insurance doesn't cover the whole fee and the individual must pay the difference
- Qualifying periods apply for some conditions (e.g. pregnancy)
-policies can be complex to understand
Sustainability
refers to meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations
considerations of healthcare SUSTAINABILITY
-funding and regulation
-efficient health system and workforce
-disease prevention and early intervention
-research and monitoring
funding and regulation
ensuring adequate funds are available for the health system, regulating it by promoting efficient use of funds
efficient health system and workforce
ensuring that the health workforce is adequately staffed with highly trained practitioners
disease prevention and early intervention
to reduce the strain on the healthcare system, reduce the number of people who need to use it through early detection of disease
research and monitoring
research to find new ways to cure treat and prevent illness and improve the effectiveness of health services in australia
Access
An accessible health system is one that can provide all people with timely access to quality health services based on their needs, not ability to pay, regardless of where they live in the country.
targets
SES
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION
CULTURALLY APPROPRIATE HEALTHCARE
funding
relates to the financial resources that are provided to keep the health system staffed and resourced
equity
fairness in the way the health system is available and treats different people
sustainability medicare
determine which services will be subsided
Sustainably PBS
reviewing medicines available through pbs greater benefit keeping scheme sustainable
sustainability NDIS
individualised plan necessary funds on each person
Sustainability PHI
incentives eg, rebate
Access medicare
provide all ses funding for telephone and video
access PBS
aus citizen and permanent resident entitled to access subsided meds, essential med to low income
access NDIS
improve access to health services for people w significant disability
Access PHI
rebate increase access to PHI for low income increase access to health services too expensive to afford
funding medicare
parts/all fee associated with health services
funding PBS
provide treatment for many conditions
funding NDIS
provide funding for range of resources support daily living, assistive technology eg. wheelchair
funding PHI
fund private hospital responsible for 40% treatments, federal govt funds the private health insurance rebate phi more affordable
equity medicare
- safetynet require frequent services cover by medicare
- Mental health plan: Mental health eligible for 10 therapy session per calendar year cost covered by medicare
equity PBS
- Safety net: protect individual + family from large expenses listed medicine
- Concessional copayment: greater assistance to those who unemployed + low income + indigenous qualify reduced pbs co payment
equity NDIS
individuals plan esure those w significant needs receive more assistance
equity PHI
low income receive more financial assistance: aged 65+ greater rebate
population health
relates to the health and well-being or health status of a group or groups of peopleeg. mental health and well-being of youth, the incidence of cancer among males, low socioeconomic status
why is smoking targeted
preventable risk factor, avoidablesmoking affects vulnerable population groups more likely to smoke tobaccohalf of all long-term smokers will die prematurely due to smokingexposure to environmental tobacco smoke also causes disease and premature death in adults and children who do not smoke
health promotion interventions
gov law + policieslegislationvic legislation
gov law + policies
federal law bans smoking in all Australian commonwealth government buildings on public transport airports and all international/domestic flightslaws on advertising, packing, smoke-free environment and tobacco taxes that work to increase the price of tobacco to reduce smoking rates
legislation include
increase taxation on tobacco and the resulting higher price of tobacco is associated with a lower prevalence of smoking among all population groupslaws banning smoking in pubs and clubs have a bigger impact on lower socioeconomic status populations with a reduction in consumption
vic legislation
smoking is banned in areas commonly used by children and young people for recreational and smoking activitiesprohibited at all VIC-patrolled beachesoffence to smoke in vehicles when a person under 18 is presentban on smoking on government school grounds smoking in enclosed public placesreducing the risk of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke eg. creating a supportive physical environment for those who choose not to smokeanti-smoking laws eg. healthy public policies work to make not smoking the easier and healthier choice
anti smoking media campaign
develop personal skills by educating the population on the dangers and consequences of smoking ‘don’t make smokes your story’create supportive environments by providing information on how to access resources to assist in quittingHighly emotional anti-smoking advertisements are remembered more by survey participants and are perceived as being more effective.They influence smoking beliefs and increase quit attempts.People in low SES groups are particularly responsive to emotional or personal testimonial advertisements.Greater exposure to these advertisements is associated with a greater likelihood of quitting.the federal government, state and territory government
quit now
website to strengthen community action by providing links to quit organisations in each state + territorydevelop personal skills by producing a range of fact sheets and resources:why quit — this section outlines the physical and social impacts of smoking and the benefits that occur when a smoker quits.How to quit — users are supported by advice for preparing to quit, different methods of quitting and the support services available.Having trouble quitting — this section provides advice on overcoming setbacks, ways to cope with cravings and how to plan another quit attempt if one fails.Indigenous support — quitting information is provided for Indigenous youth and the benefits of quitting for the whole family are outlined.
my quit buddy
a free smartphone app was created to assist Australian smokers of any age, gender and socioeconomic status to quit smoking.The app provides feedback to users enabling them to track how many cigarettes they haven’t smoked, how many grams of tar they’ve not inhaled, how much money they’ve saved each day and how many days they’ve been smoke-free.This assists in developing personal skills by providing information that can assist in reducing the risk of smoking-related diseases.My QuitBuddy creates a supportive environment by allowing users to:record personal goals and motivation using pictures, words and audio messages. There is a community board where users can gain motivation and support from thousands of other people also quitting.to program danger times at which the app will send reminders of the health and well-being benefits of quitting, and games are provided to play during times of craving to provide a distraction.quit sharing their quit journey and success stories with others on Facebook and Twitter.
quit for you quit for two
Developed as part of the National Tobacco Campaign, the Quit for You, Quit for Two free smartphone app was created to assist Australian smokers who are pregnant, or planning to be, to quit smoking.app creates a supportive environment by including fun exercises and games to keep the user’s hands busy to help beat cravings.personalisable to give users daily reminders and words of encouragement. entering baby's due date, sending messages detailing baby's growth and developmentdeveloping personal skills by providing practical quit tips and advice to quit smoking providing a running tally of how much saved by not smoking and what items could be purchased with that money including facts about baby development to provide more reason to resist any urges to smoke
quit
Quit campaigns are run in each state and territory, sometimes as a joint venture between the state or territory government and the Cancer Council for the respective state or territory, although other organisations may be involved. This section focuses on the actions of Quit Victoria.Quit Victoria is a program of the Cancer Council Victoria, which is funded by the Victorian Government and VicHealth, and is an example of strengthening community action.Quit Victoria aims to decrease the prevalence of smoking by assisting smokers to quit and preventing the uptake of smoking in non-smokers. To achieve their aims, Quit employs a range of actions.
strengthen community action ottawa
focus on building links bw individuals + community to achieve common goalAboriginal Quitline strengthens community action by using Aboriginal quit specialists with additional training to assist people with smoking cessation in a culturally appropriate way.Quit Victoria is a joint venture between the Victorian Government, VicHealth, the Heart Foundation and the Cancer Council.
develop personal skills ottawa
education gaining health-related knowledge + skills allow people to make informed decisions that indirectly affect h+wNational Tobacco Campaigns work to educate the population on the dangers and consequences of smoking. A recent campaign is the ‘Don’t make smokes your story’.Quit provides information regarding tobacco smoking and the benefits associated with not smoking. This is achieved through a mass advertising campaign and via downloadable information on its website.
build healthy public policies ottawa
direct decisions made by governments regarding laws and policies that make it more difficult for people to undertake unhealthy behaviours and seek healthier choicesAnti-smoking laws and taxes work to make not smoking the easier and healthier choice.Quit provides advice to the state government to implement legislation related to smoking.Examples of policies include laws relating to smoking in public places, tobacco advertising, the display of cigarettes in retail outlets, tobacco packaging and tobacco taxes.Increasing tax on tobacco banning in public places
create supportive environment ottawa
that aims to promote physical and sociocultural environments promote h+w by being safe + enjoyableNational Tobacco Campaigns provide information on how to access resources to assist in quitting at no cost.My QuitBuddy allows users to record personal goals and motivation using pictures, words and audio messages. There is a community board where users can gain motivation and support from thousands of other people quitting.
reorient health service ottawa
change health system so it promotes h+w focus on diagnosing and treating illnessQuit invests millions of dollars in smoking prevention research. This research then provides best practice techniques for health professionals in assisting preventing people from starting smoking and assisting smokers to quit. Quit provides a free online learning training program for health professionals.Quit Victoria’s Smoking Cessation Essentials course and Smoking Cessation Brief Intervention videos provide health professionals with knowledge and skills relating to assisting smokers to quit.
close the gap
The Council of the Australian government include Australian, state, territory and local government representative along with indigenous leaders
agreed to ‘work together to achieve equality in health status and life expectancy between Aboriginal and torres strait islanders peoples and non-indigenous Australians by the year 2030
represent healthy public policies
2031, close the gap in life expectancy within a generation
increase the proportion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander babies with healthy birth weight, employment, education, housing, reduce abuse, suicide
The deadly choice initiative
create supportive environments- The Deadly Choices program provides culturally appropriate healthcare using people from the local community.
learn to earn legend
Learn to Earn Legend! is strengthening community action as it is delivered by community leaders, sports stars and local community members whom young Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people respect and aspires to emulate.
2 Spirits program
develop personal skills- community forums focusing on HIV/AIDS, sexual health and wellbeing, injecting drug use, discrimination and sexuality issues. These forums increase knowledge and understanding within Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities.
Evaluating initiatives about their capacity to improve Indigenous health and wellbeing
1. Actual improvements in health and well-being that have been made as a result of the initiative
2. The number of people who have accessed or been involved in the initiative
3. Feedback provided by participants
4. Action areas of the Ottawa Charter that are evident in the initiative
5. Whether the initiative is culturally appropriate for Indigenous Australians
6. Whether the initiative has taken the specific needs of the target group into account
7. Funding that has been provided to implement the initiative
8. Whether the initiative addresses a significant health issue for Indigenous Australians
1. Actual improvements in health and well-being that have been made as a result of the initiative
effective initiatives conduct research to determine the level of success achieved.
evidence of the actual successes of the initiative and the improvements to health and wellbeing
2. The number of people who have accessed or been involved in the initiative
many programs keep records of the number of people taking part.
An increase in participants over time and/or participants taking part over an extended period can indicate that the target audience is engaged with the initiative, assisting in achieving its goals.
3. Feedback provided by participants
those taking part in the program often provide information on their personal experiences which can indicate their success in promoting Indigenous health and wellbeing.
4. Action areas of the Ottawa Charter that are evident in the initiative
develop personal skills through the provision of education — education is a resource that people can use to promote their health and well-being long after the program finishes.
strengthen community action by the involvement of various stakeholders and other concerned groups in the planning and implementation of the initiative — when various stakeholders are involved in the planning or implementation of the program, each can bring their strengths and expertise, contributing to the success of the program.
5. Whether the initiative is culturally appropriate for Indigenous Australians
including consultation, use and training of Indigenous personnel in planning/delivering the program.
Indigenous culture is a strong influence in the lives of many Indigenous Australians.
Ensuring interventions are culturally appropriate can assist in increasing participation in the program/improving health and well-being outcomes.
6. Whether the initiative has taken the specific needs of the target group into account
including the specific needs relating to the health and well-being of Indigenous people.
significant gains in health outcomes occur when the areas requiring the most attention are the focus.
Note
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