hhd unit 3 outcome 2

infectious and parasitic disease

transmitted from one person 2 another including disease tuberculosis, polio, smallpox hepatitis sti + illness: syphilis, venereal.

-Parasites such as worms, skin mites, and body lice enter the body through contaminated food, water or contact w others w parasites on skin/hair

-Cause sickness/death Water, food contaminated supplies + rubbish was not well established Leading to outbreaks of diarrhoea + disease.

old public health

government actions that focused on changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of disease

Old public health policies and practices

-improved water and sanitation

-introduction of quarantine laws

-better quality housing and fewer slums

-better quality food, safer working conditions

-more hygienic birthing practices

-mass immunisation programs

biomedical approach to health

focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness. It is a medical model practised by doctors and health professionals and is associated with the diagnosis, treatment and cure of disease.

diagnosis 

identification of a disease

cure and treatment 

refers to the intervention or steps to take control of an illness

features of the biomedical approach 

-focuses on individuals who are ill

-concerned with disease, illness or injury

-relies on services provided by doctors and specialists

-quick fix approach,

-relies on technology

advantages to the biomedical approach 

-The funding provided for the approach brings about improvements in technology and research

-It enables many common problems to be effectively treated

-It extends life expectancy

-It improves quality of life

disadvantages to the biomedical approach 

- It relies on professional health workers and technology and is therefore costly

- It doesn't always promote good health and wellbeing

- Not every condition can be treated

- Affordability

new public health 

expands the traditional focus on individual behaviour change to one that considers the ways in which physical, sociocultural and political environments impact on health. Also referred to as the social model of health

social model of health

an approach that recognises improvements in health and wellbeing can only be achieved by directing effort towards addressing the physical, sociocultural and political environments of health that have an impact on individuals and population groups

principles of the social model of health 

- Addresses the broader determinants of health: determinants that sit outside the control of the individual such as gender, culture, race or ethnicity, socioeconomic status, geographical location and the physical environment.

- Involves intersectoral collaboration: government and non-government organisations who have an influence over the sociocultural and environmental factors/determinants that influence health status work together to promote health and wellbeing.

- Acts to reduce social inequities: initiatives should focus on groups who experience poorer health outcomes than the rest of the population, such as Indigenous Australians and those from low socioeconomic backgrounds.

- Acts to enable access to health care: sociocultural and environmental factors that reduce access to healthcare for all people. They include cultural and language barriers, economic and geographical factors, and education levels.

- Empowers individuals and communities: empower individuals and communities so they can participate in decisions made about their health and wellbeing.

advantages of the social model of health 

- it promotes good health and wellbeing and assists in preventing diseases.

- it promotes overall health and wellbeing.

- inexpensive.

- it focuses on vulnerable population groups.

- education can be passed on from generation to generation.

- the responsibility for health and wellbeing is shared.

disadvantages to the social model of health 

- Not every condition can be prevented

- It does not promote the development of technology and medical knowledge

- It does not address the health concerns of individuals

- Health promotion messages may be ignored

Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion

an approach to health developed by the World Health Organization that aims to reduce inequalities in health. It reflects the social model of health and provides five action areas that can be used as a basis for improving health status

Ottawa Strategies for Health Promotion

Enable, Mediate, Advocate

Enable (Ottawa Charter)

refers to the education people have and helping them take control of their own health 

Mediate (Ottawa Charter)

relates to helping individuals, groups, businesses etc resolve conflict that may result from changes in funding, legislation and policies around health to produce outcomes 

Advocate (Ottawa Charter)

actions designed to gain support from government and societies to improve health 

action areas for the ottawa charter

-Build healthy public policy

-Create supportive environments

-Strengthen community action

-Develop personal skills

-Reorient health services

Build healthy public policy - ottawa charter

Relates directly to the decisions made by government and organisations in relation to laws and policies that affect health

-increasing tax on tobacco

-compulsory seatbelt wearing 

creative supportive environments- ottawa charter

recognises the impact that broader determinants have on health and aims to promote a healthy physical and sociocultural environment that promotes health and wellbeing

-safe working environments 

-smoke free places 

strengthen community action- ottawa charter

Focuses on building links between individuals and the community and centres around the community working together to achieve a common goal, giving the community a sense of ownership

-immunisation strategies 

develop personal skills - ottawa charter

gaining health related knowledge and skills through education that allow people to make informed decisions about their health and wellbeing

-educating parents about sunscreen 

reorient health services - ottawa charter

refers to changing the health system so that it promotes health and wellbeing rather than just diagnosing and treatment 

-doctors focusing a discussion around healthy eating, rather medication to reduce CVD 

-providing funding for health promotion campaigns 

medicare

Australia's universal healthcare scheme that gives all Australians, permanent residents and people from countries with reciprocal agreements access to subsided healthcare

Out-of hospital expenses (Medicare)

are costs for services such as doctors, specialists, tests and x-rays

schedule fee 

Amount Medicare will contribute to a health service

services covered by medicare

-doctor and specialist consultations 

-most surgical and other therapeutic procedures performed by general practitioners 

-x-rays

-eye tests performed by optometrists 

-pathology (blood and urine tests)

-fee-free treatment and accomodation in public hospitals 

-some dental services

-75% of the schedule fee for treatment in a private hospital

medicare safety net

Provides extra financial assistance for those that incur significant out of pocket costs for Medicare services

Services NOT covered by Medicare

-any cosmetic or unnecessary procedures

-most private hospital care costs 

-home nursing and care 

-ambulance services

-allied health services 

-health related aids (glasses)

-pharmaceuticals

-dental examinations and treatments

medicare advantages 

- Choice of doctor for out-of-hospital services

- Available to all Australian citizens

- Reciprocal agreement between Australia and other countries 

- Covers tests and examinations, doctors' and specialists' fees (schedule fee only), and some procedures such as x-rays and eye tests

- The Medicare Safety Net provides extra financial contributions for medical services once an individual's or family's co-payments reach a certain level

Medicare disadvantages

- No choice of doctor for in-hospital treatments

- Waiting lists for many treatments

- Does not cover alternative therapies

- Often does not cover the full amount of a doctor's visit

medicare funding 

Medicare levy, Medicare levy surcharge, general taxation

medicare levy 

2 per cent tax for all Australian tax payers to fund Medicare

Medicare levy surcharge

an additional 1-1.5 per cent tax on high income earners who do not have private health insurance

general taxation

income collected through general income tax of all Australians

pharmaceutical benefits scheme (PBS)

A scheme that subsidises the cost of a range of prescription medications making them more affordable for Australians. It is administered by Medicare.

National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS)

A national insurance scheme that provides services and support for people with permanent, significant disabilities, and their families and carers.

requirements for NDIS 

To be eligible for the NDIS, a person must be aged under 65 (age requirement) and be a resident or citizen of australia (residency) aswell as meet the disability requirements:

Disability requirements:

· You have an impairment or condition that is likely to be permanent

· Your impairment substantially reduces your ability to participate effectively in activities, or perform tasks or actions unless you have:

o Assistance from other people or

o Assistive technology or equipment (other than common items such as glasses) or

o You can't participate effectively even with assistance or aides and equipment

· Your impairment affects your capacity for social and economic participation

· You are likely to require support under the NDIS for your lifetime

what the NDIS assists in

-access mainstream services and supports (doctors, housing etc)

-access community services and supports (sports clubs, libraries etc)

-maintain informal support arrangements (help from family and friends)

-receive reasonable and necessary supports (wheelchairs, shower care, bed rails etc)

Private Health Insurance

an insurance policy in which members can pay a premium that helps pay for services not covered by Medicare

private health insurance incentives 

1. Lifetime health cover

2. Private Health Insurance rebate

3. Medicare Levy Surcharge

4 Age based discount 

lifetime health cover (PHI)

people who take out PHI after the age of 31 pay an extra 2% on their premiums for every year they are over 30 

private health insurance rebate

 Under this scheme, policy holders receive a 30% rebate on their premiums for private health insurance.

age based discount (PHI)

under this initiative insurers have the option of offering young people aged 18-29 a discount of up to 10%

Advantages of Private Health Insurance

- Enables access to private hospital care

- Choice of doctor while in public or private hospital

- Shorter waiting times for some medical procedures such as elective surgery

-helps keep medicare under control

-high income earners who have PHI don't have to pay the medicare levy surcharge 

-reduces stress on the public health system 

disadvantages to private health insurance 

- Costly in terms of the premiums that have to be paid

- Sometimes have a 'gap', which means the insurance doesn't cover the whole fee and the individual must pay the difference

- Qualifying periods apply for some conditions (e.g. pregnancy)

-policies can be complex to understand 

Sustainability

refers to meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations 

considerations of healthcare SUSTAINABILITY

-funding and regulation

-efficient health system and workforce 

-disease prevention and early intervention

-research and monitoring 

funding and regulation

ensuring adequate funds are available for the health system, regulating it by promoting efficient use of funds 

efficient health system and workforce 

ensuring that the health workforce is adequately staffed with highly trained practitioners

disease prevention and early intervention

to reduce the strain on the healthcare system, reduce the number of people who need to use it through early detection of disease 

research and monitoring 

research to find new ways to cure treat and prevent illness and improve the effectiveness of health services in australia

Access 

An accessible health system is one that can provide all people with timely access to quality health services based on their needs, not ability to pay, regardless of where they live in the country.

targets 

SES

GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION 

CULTURALLY APPROPRIATE HEALTHCARE 

funding

relates to the financial resources that are provided to keep the health system staffed and resourced

equity

fairness in the way the health system is available and treats different people

sustainability medicare

determine which services will be subsided

Sustainably PBS

reviewing medicines available through pbs greater benefit keeping scheme sustainable

sustainability NDIS

individualised plan necessary funds on each person

Sustainability PHI

incentives eg, rebate

Access medicare

provide all ses funding for telephone and video

access PBS

aus citizen and permanent resident entitled to access subsided meds, essential med to low income

access NDIS

improve access to health services for people w significant disability

Access PHI

rebate increase access to PHI for low income increase access to health services too expensive to afford

funding medicare

parts/all fee associated with health services

funding PBS

provide treatment for many conditions

funding NDIS

provide funding for range of resources support daily living, assistive technology eg. wheelchair

funding PHI

fund private hospital responsible for 40% treatments, federal govt funds the private health insurance rebate phi more affordable

equity medicare

- safetynet require frequent services cover by medicare 

- Mental health plan: Mental health eligible for 10 therapy session per calendar year cost covered by medicare

equity PBS

- Safety net: protect individual + family from large expenses listed medicine

- Concessional copayment: greater assistance to those who unemployed + low income + indigenous qualify reduced pbs co payment 

equity NDIS

individuals plan esure those w significant needs receive more assistance 

equity PHI

low income receive more financial assistance: aged 65+ greater rebate 

population health

relates to the health and well-being or health status of a group or groups of peopleeg. mental health and well-being of youth, the incidence of cancer among males, low socioeconomic status

why is smoking targeted

preventable risk factor, avoidablesmoking affects vulnerable population groups more likely to smoke tobaccohalf of all long-term smokers will die prematurely due to smokingexposure to environmental tobacco smoke also causes disease and premature death in adults and children who do not smoke

health promotion interventions

gov law + policieslegislationvic legislation

gov law + policies

federal law bans smoking in all Australian commonwealth government buildings on public transport airports and all international/domestic flightslaws on advertising, packing, smoke-free environment and tobacco taxes that work to increase the price of tobacco to reduce smoking rates

legislation include

increase taxation on tobacco and the resulting higher price of tobacco is associated with a lower prevalence of smoking among all population groupslaws banning smoking in pubs and clubs have a bigger impact on lower socioeconomic status populations with a reduction in consumption

vic legislation

smoking is banned in areas commonly used by children and young people for recreational and smoking activitiesprohibited at all VIC-patrolled beachesoffence to smoke in vehicles when a person under 18 is presentban on smoking on government school grounds smoking in enclosed public placesreducing the risk of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke eg. creating a supportive physical environment for those who choose not to smokeanti-smoking laws eg. healthy public policies work to make not smoking the easier and healthier choice

anti smoking media campaign

develop personal skills by educating the population on the dangers and consequences of smoking ‘don’t make smokes your story’create supportive environments by providing information on how to access resources to assist in quittingHighly emotional anti-smoking advertisements are remembered more by survey participants and are perceived as being more effective.They influence smoking beliefs and increase quit attempts.People in low SES groups are particularly responsive to emotional or personal testimonial advertisements.Greater exposure to these advertisements is associated with a greater likelihood of quitting.the federal government, state and territory government

quit now

website to strengthen community action by providing links to quit organisations in each state + territorydevelop personal skills by producing a range of fact sheets and resources:why quit — this section outlines the physical and social impacts of smoking and the benefits that occur when a smoker quits.How to quit — users are supported by advice for preparing to quit, different methods of quitting and the support services available.Having trouble quitting — this section provides advice on overcoming setbacks, ways to cope with cravings and how to plan another quit attempt if one fails.Indigenous support — quitting information is provided for Indigenous youth and the benefits of quitting for the whole family are outlined.

my quit buddy

a free smartphone app was created to assist Australian smokers of any age, gender and socioeconomic status to quit smoking.The app provides feedback to users enabling them to track how many cigarettes they haven’t smoked, how many grams of tar they’ve not inhaled, how much money they’ve saved each day and how many days they’ve been smoke-free.This assists in developing personal skills by providing information that can assist in reducing the risk of smoking-related diseases.My QuitBuddy creates a supportive environment by allowing users to:record personal goals and motivation using pictures, words and audio messages. There is a community board where users can gain motivation and support from thousands of other people also quitting.to program danger times at which the app will send reminders of the health and well-being benefits of quitting, and games are provided to play during times of craving to provide a distraction.quit sharing their quit journey and success stories with others on Facebook and Twitter.

quit for you quit for two

Developed as part of the National Tobacco Campaign, the Quit for You, Quit for Two free smartphone app was created to assist Australian smokers who are pregnant, or planning to be, to quit smoking.app creates a supportive environment by including fun exercises and games to keep the user’s hands busy to help beat cravings.personalisable to give users daily reminders and words of encouragement. entering baby's due date, sending messages detailing baby's growth and developmentdeveloping personal skills by providing practical quit tips and advice to quit smoking providing a running tally of how much saved by not smoking and what items could be purchased with that money including facts about baby development to provide more reason to resist any urges to smoke

quit

Quit campaigns are run in each state and territory, sometimes as a joint venture between the state or territory government and the Cancer Council for the respective state or territory, although other organisations may be involved. This section focuses on the actions of Quit Victoria.Quit Victoria is a program of the Cancer Council Victoria, which is funded by the Victorian Government and VicHealth, and is an example of strengthening community action.Quit Victoria aims to decrease the prevalence of smoking by assisting smokers to quit and preventing the uptake of smoking in non-smokers. To achieve their aims, Quit employs a range of actions.

strengthen community action ottawa

focus on building links bw individuals + community to achieve common goalAboriginal Quitline strengthens community action by using Aboriginal quit specialists with additional training to assist people with smoking cessation in a culturally appropriate way.Quit Victoria is a joint venture between the Victorian Government, VicHealth, the Heart Foundation and the Cancer Council.

develop personal skills ottawa

education gaining health-related knowledge + skills allow people to make informed decisions that indirectly affect h+wNational Tobacco Campaigns work to educate the population on the dangers and consequences of smoking. A recent campaign is the ‘Don’t make smokes your story’.Quit provides information regarding tobacco smoking and the benefits associated with not smoking. This is achieved through a mass advertising campaign and via downloadable information on its website.

build healthy public policies ottawa

direct decisions made by governments regarding laws and policies that make it more difficult for people to undertake unhealthy behaviours and seek healthier choicesAnti-smoking laws and taxes work to make not smoking the easier and healthier choice.Quit provides advice to the state government to implement legislation related to smoking.Examples of policies include laws relating to smoking in public places, tobacco advertising, the display of cigarettes in retail outlets, tobacco packaging and tobacco taxes.Increasing tax on tobacco banning in public places

create supportive environment ottawa

that aims to promote physical and sociocultural environments promote h+w by being safe + enjoyableNational Tobacco Campaigns provide information on how to access resources to assist in quitting at no cost.My QuitBuddy allows users to record personal goals and motivation using pictures, words and audio messages. There is a community board where users can gain motivation and support from thousands of other people quitting.

reorient health service ottawa

change health system so it promotes h+w focus on diagnosing and treating illnessQuit invests millions of dollars in smoking prevention research. This research then provides best practice techniques for health professionals in assisting preventing people from starting smoking and assisting smokers to quit. Quit provides a free online learning training program for health professionals.Quit Victoria’s Smoking Cessation Essentials course and Smoking Cessation Brief Intervention videos provide health professionals with knowledge and skills relating to assisting smokers to quit.

close the gap

• The Council of the Australian government include Australian, state, territory and local government representative along with indigenous leaders
• agreed to ‘work together to achieve equality in health status and life expectancy between Aboriginal and torres strait islanders peoples and non-indigenous Australians by the year 2030
• represent healthy public policies
• 2031, close the gap in life expectancy within a generation
• increase the proportion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander babies with healthy birth weight, employment, education, housing, reduce abuse, suicide

The deadly choice initiative

create supportive environments- The Deadly Choices program provides culturally appropriate healthcare using people from the local community.

learn to earn legend

Learn to Earn Legend! is strengthening community action as it is delivered by community leaders, sports stars and local community members whom young Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people respect and aspires to emulate.

2 Spirits program

develop personal skills- community forums focusing on HIV/AIDS, sexual health and wellbeing, injecting drug use, discrimination and sexuality issues. These forums increase knowledge and understanding within Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities.

Evaluating initiatives about their capacity to improve Indigenous health and wellbeing

1. Actual improvements in health and well-being that have been made as a result of the initiative

2. The number of people who have accessed or been involved in the initiative

3. Feedback provided by participants

4. Action areas of the Ottawa Charter that are evident in the initiative

5. Whether the initiative is culturally appropriate for Indigenous Australians

6. Whether the initiative has taken the specific needs of the target group into account

7. Funding that has been provided to implement the initiative

8. Whether the initiative addresses a significant health issue for Indigenous Australians

1. Actual improvements in health and well-being that have been made as a result of the initiative

• effective initiatives conduct research to determine the level of success achieved.

• evidence of the actual successes of the initiative and the improvements to health and wellbeing

2. The number of people who have accessed or been involved in the initiative

• many programs keep records of the number of people taking part.
• An increase in participants over time and/or participants taking part over an extended period can indicate that the target audience is engaged with the initiative, assisting in achieving its goals.

3. Feedback provided by participants

• those taking part in the program often provide information on their personal experiences which can indicate their success in promoting Indigenous health and wellbeing.

4. Action areas of the Ottawa Charter that are evident in the initiative

• develop personal skills through the provision of education — education is a resource that people can use to promote their health and well-being long after the program finishes.
• strengthen community action by the involvement of various stakeholders and other concerned groups in the planning and implementation of the initiative — when various stakeholders are involved in the planning or implementation of the program, each can bring their strengths and expertise, contributing to the success of the program.

5. Whether the initiative is culturally appropriate for Indigenous Australians

• including consultation, use and training of Indigenous personnel in planning/delivering the program.
• Indigenous culture is a strong influence in the lives of many Indigenous Australians.
• Ensuring interventions are culturally appropriate can assist in increasing participation in the program/improving health and well-being outcomes.

6. Whether the initiative has taken the specific needs of the target group into account

• including the specific needs relating to the health and well-being of Indigenous people.

• significant gains in health outcomes occur when the areas requiring the most attention are the focus.