Exam 3 anatomy

What filters and humidifies air?

Nasal cavity (nasal hairs, mucus, and cilia)

What is the mucociliary escalator? How does this remove debris?

A mechanism where cilia move mucus along with trapped debris toward the pharynx to be swallowed or expelled.

Know the different parts of the pharynx.

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx

What is the Adams apple?

Thyroid cartilage of the larynx

What chamber is shared by the respiratory and digestive system?

Oropharynx and laryngopharynx.

What is the passage from the pharynx to the larynx called?

Laryngeal inlet

What elastic structure folds over the glottis?

Epiglottis

Where can we find C shaped cartilage? What are they called?

Tracheal rings in the trachea

Where is mucus produced in the nasal cavity?

Goblet cells and mucous glands.

What structure creates turbulence in the air we breathe to trap small particles in

Nasal conchae

How do we control the pitch of our vocal sound?

By tensing and resting our vocal cords

Know the order of the respiratory tract. From your oral cavity to your alveoli

Oral/Nasal cavity → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchi → Bronchioles → Terminal bronchioles → Respiratory bronchioles → Alveolar ducts → Alveoli

What structures are involved in gas exchange (that occurs in the lungs)

Alveoli and pulmonary capillaries

What is described as inflammation of the pulmonary lobules that results from infection?

Pneumonia

What are the symptoms of tuberculosis? What causes it?

fever, weight loss, Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis

How many lobes does each lung have?

Right lung – 3 lobes; Left lung – 2 lobes

What is surfactant?

Lipoprotein produced by alveoli that reduces surface tension

What is pulmonary ventilation?

Breathing; movement of air into and out of lungs

What is the difference between internal respiration and external respiration?

Internal – gas exchange at tissue level; External – gas exchange in lungs

What condition occurs when we have low tissue oxygen?

Hypoxia

What is quiet breathing?

Normal, restful breathing using diaphragm and external intercostals

What is forced breathing?

Active breathing using accessory muscles for deeper inhalation/exhalation

When the chest cavity has been penetrated, the amount of air in the respiratory system is reduced to the what?

Air pressure equalizes with atmospheric pressure (pneumothorax)

What happens during inhalation?

Diaphragm contracts, thoracic cavity expands, lungs fill with ai

What happens during exhalation?

Diaphragm relaxes, thoracic cavity decreases in volume

What adjusts the respiratory rate and depth of respiration in response to sensory stimuli?

Respiratory centers in medulla oblongata and pons

What happens to CO2 when its partial pressure is higher in the interstitial fluid and lower in the capillaries?

CO2 diffuses from interstitial fluid (high PCO2) into capillaries (low PCO2)

The amount of O2 bound by hemoglobin depends on what?

PO2, pH, temperature, and 2,3-BPG levels

How does CO2 transport in the blood? What does it turn into?

Dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or converted to bicarbonate (HCO3⁻)

What illness is characterized by shortness of breath esulting from the loss of respiratory membrane surface for gas exchange?

Emphysema

Where is our respiratory center? What does it respond to?

Medulla oblongata; responds to CO2, O2, and pH levels

What is the Hering -Breuer reflex?

Prevents over-inflation of lungs by inhibiting inspiratory neurons

Where is respiration controlled?

Medulla oblongata and pons.

The DRG has neurons that control what?

Inspiration

What does an increase in PCO2 cause the respiratory enters to do?

to increase rate and depth of breathing

What happens to the DRG as lung volume increases?

Inhibits inspiration to prevent over-expansion.

What is the difference between anoxia and hypoxia?

Anoxia – complete lack of O2; Hypoxia – low O2 levels

What is the difference between pneumothorax and hemothorax? How are these treated?

Pneumothorax – air in pleural cavity; Hemothorax – blood in pleural cavity; treated with chest tube.

How does nicotine effect your respiratory passageways? How does long-term smoking effect your respiratory passageways?

Constricts airways, damages cilia; long-term smoking leads to chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and increased mucus.

What is reciprocal inhibition? How does this work with ventilation?

During inhalation, inspiratory muscles contract while expiratory muscles relax

What is the deflation reflex? What is the inflation reflex? What are these two reflexes together called?

• Inflation reflex – prevents over-inflation during inhalation.

• Deflation reflex – prevents over-deflation during exhalation.

• Together: Pulmonary reflexes that regulate breathing volume