AP European history Unit 2 Vocab quizzz!

Christian Humanism

An intellectual movement of the Renaissance that combined a focus on classical learning with a desire to reform the Church and emphasize morality and education based on Christian principles.

Erasmus

A Dutch Renaissance humanist who advocated for reform in the Catholic Church through education, moral improvement, and critical study of the Bible, but remained loyal to Catholicism.

Catholicism

The branch of Christianity led by the Pope, emphasizing sacraments, Church authority, and tradition as central to salvation.

Protestantism

A branch of Christianity that broke from the Catholic Church during the Reformation, emphasizing faith, the Bible, and personal relationship with God over Church hierarchy.

Martin Luther

A German monk and theologian who sparked the Protestant Reformation by challenging Church practices and teaching salvation by faith alone.

Salvation by faith alone

The belief that faith in God, rather than good works or Church rituals, is sufficient for salvation; central to Luther's teachings.

John Calvin

A French theologian who developed Calvinism, emphasizing predestination and a strict sense of moral discipline.

Predestination

The belief, central to Calvinism, that God has already chosen who will be saved and who will be damned.

Calvinists

Followers of John Calvin who believed in predestination and the importance of living a morally disciplined, godly life.

Anabaptists

A radical Protestant sect that rejected infant baptism, advocated adult baptism, separation of church and state, and sometimes communal living.

Ninety-Five Theses

Luther's 1517 document criticizing the sale of indulgences and Church corruption, often cited as the start of the Protestant Reformation.

Indulgence

A certificate sold by the Catholic Church that promised to reduce time in purgatory, criticized by reformers like Luther.

Johann Tetzel

A German Dominican friar who sold indulgences, provoking Luther's Ninety-Five Theses.

German Peasant's War (1524-1525)

A widespread revolt by German peasants inspired by economic hardship and some Reformation ideas; brutally suppressed by princes.

Thomas Munzer

A radical Protestant leader involved in the German Peasant's War, advocating for social and economic reforms.

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

A treaty between Charles V and German princes allowing each prince to choose Lutheranism or Catholicism for his territory, temporarily ending religious conflict in Germany.

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor who struggled to maintain Catholic unity in Europe, opposed Protestant Reformation, and ruled a vast empire across Europe and the Americas.

Primacy of Scripture

The Protestant belief that the Bible is the ultimate authority in matters of faith and practice, over Church tradition or papal authority.

Priesthood of all believers

The Protestant principle that all Christians have direct access to God and do not need a priest as intermediary.

Vernacular Bibles

Bibles translated into local languages, allowing ordinary people to read and interpret Scripture themselves, spreading literacy and Reformation ideas.

Huguenots

French Calvinists who faced persecution during the French Wars of Religion.

Puritans

English Protestants who wanted to "purify" the Church of England from Catholic practices and emphasize strict moral conduct.

John Knox

Scottish reformer who led the Protestant Reformation in Scotland and founded the Presbyterian Church.

Holy Roman Empire

A multi-ethnic complex of territories in central Europe, led by an emperor, often a battleground of religious and political conflict during the 16th-17th centuries.

French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)

A series of conflicts between French Catholics and Huguenots, marked by massacres, assassinations, and political intrigue.

Concordat of Bologna (1516)

Agreement between Francis I of France and the Pope giving the French crown control over the appointment of bishops, increasing royal power over the Church.

Catherine de' Medici

Queen mother of France who tried to mediate between Catholics and Huguenots during the French Wars of Religion; associated with political intrigue and massacres.

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572)

A mass killing of Huguenots in Paris, escalating the French Wars of Religion and shocking Europe.

War of the Three Henrys (1587-1589)

Final conflict in the French Wars of Religion among Henry III, Henry of Navarre, and Henry of Guise for the French throne.

Henry IV of France

First Bourbon king of France, converted from Protestantism to Catholicism to secure the throne ('Paris is worth a Mass') and issued the Edict of Nantes.

Habsburg Rulers

Powerful European dynasty controlling the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, and other territories; central players in religious and political conflicts of the 16th-17th centuries.

Edict of Nantes (1598)

Granted limited toleration to Huguenots in France, ending the French Wars of Religion and promoting civil unity.

The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Treaties ending the Thirty Years' War, recognizing state sovereignty and granting religious freedom to Catholics, Lutherans, and Calvinists in the Holy Roman Empire.

Philip II of Spain

King of Spain who defended Catholicism, oversaw Spanish imperial expansion, and launched the Spanish Armada against Protestant England.

Queen Elizabeth I

Protestant queen of England who balanced diplomacy and military power, defeated the Spanish Armada, and stabilized England after religious turmoil.

Spanish Armada (1588)

Philip II's fleet sent to invade Protestant England; defeated by English naval tactics and bad weather, marking a decline in Spanish naval dominance.

Henry III of France

Last Valois king of France, assassinated during the French Wars of Religion, leading to the rise of Henry IV and the Bourbon dynasty.

Henry of Navarre (Henry IV)

Protestant leader who became king of France, converted to Catholicism, and issued the Edict of Nantes to end religious conflict.

Henry of Lorraine/Duke of Guise

Leader of the Catholic League during the French Wars of Religion; played a key role in opposing Huguenots and was assassinated in 1588.

Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)

A devastating war in the Holy Roman Empire involving religion, politics, and territory; divided into Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, and French phases.

Phase I: Bohemian Phase (1618-1625)

First phase of the Thirty Years' War, beginning with the Defenestration of Prague and rebellion against Habsburg authority.

Phase II: Danish Phase (1625-1629)

Danish intervention in the Thirty Years' War, led by King Christian IV, ultimately defeated by Imperial forces under Wallenstein.

Phase III: Swedish Phase (1630-1635)

Swedish intervention under Gustavus Adolphus, who helped Protestants gain victories before his death in battle.

Gustavus Adolphus

King of Sweden and military innovator who led Protestant forces in the Thirty Years' War, contributing to Swedish influence in Europe.

Alsace and Lorraine

Regions contested in European wars; ceded to France after the Thirty Years' War under the Peace of Westphalia.

St. Teresa of Avila

Spanish mystic and Carmelite nun who reformed convents and emphasized personal experience of God, important in the Catholic Reformation.

Ursulines

A female religious order focused on the education of girls and religious instruction, part of Catholic Reformation efforts.

Roman Inquisition

Institution established by the Catholic Church to combat heresy and enforce doctrinal conformity, especially during the Counter-Reformation.

Index of Prohibited Books

A list of publications banned by the Catholic Church to prevent the spread of heretical or controversial ideas.

Pope Paul III

Pope who initiated the Catholic Reformation by calling the Council of Trent and approving the Jesuits as a new religious order.

The Council of Trent (1545-1563)

Ecumenical council of the Catholic Church that reasserted doctrine, reformed clerical practices, and addressed abuses to counter the Protestant Reformation.

The Jesuits

A Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius Loyola focused on education, missionary work, and defending Catholicism during the Counter-Reformation.

Ignatius Loyola

Founder of the Jesuits who emphasized discipline, education, and spiritual exercises to strengthen Catholic faith.

La querelle des femmes

A debate in Renaissance Europe about the nature and status of women, questioning traditional gender roles and advocating for women's education and rights.

Carnival

A festive period before Lent in Europe characterized by public celebrations, satire, and inversion of social norms.

Secular laws

Laws established by state authorities rather than religious institutions, reflecting growing state power in early modern Europe.

Charivari

A public ritual shaming, often involving noise and ridicule, used to enforce social norms and punish offenders.

Stocks/for prisoners

A form of public punishment where offenders' heads and hands were locked in a wooden frame to humiliate them.

Public Whipping/Branding

Punitive measures intended to shame and physically punish criminals as a deterrent to others.

Grand Manner

An idealized style of painting emphasizing elegance, dignity, and classical influence, popular in the 16th-17th centuries.

Mannerist

An artistic style that emerged after the High Renaissance, characterized by exaggerated proportions, unusual perspectives, and complex compositions.

Baroque Art

A dramatic, emotional, and elaborate style of art and architecture developed in the 17th century, often used to convey religious themes.

El Greco

A Greek-Spanish painter of the late Renaissance and Mannerism, known for elongated figures and intense emotional expression.

The Opening of the Fifth Seal

A painting by El Greco depicting apocalyptic themes with expressive, elongated figures characteristic of Mannerism.

Death of the Consul Decius

A work reflecting dramatic movement and emotion, typical of late Renaissance or Mannerist style.

Peter Paul Rubens

Flemish Baroque painter known for dynamic compositions, vibrant color, and emphasis on movement and sensuality.

Ecstasy of Saint Teresa

A Baroque sculpture by Gian Lorenzo Bernini capturing intense spiritual experience with dramatic realism and theatricality.

Gian Lorenzo Bernini

Italian Baroque sculptor and architect, famous for dynamic, emotional works and contributions to St. Peter's Basilica.

Judith Slaying Holofernes

A dramatic Baroque painting by Artemisia Gentileschi depicting the biblical heroine Judith beheading Holofernes.

Artemisia Gentileschi

Italian Baroque painter known for powerful depictions of women and mastery of dramatic composition and light.