Lecture 23- Phylogenetic Microbial Diversity

Metabolic diversity

Cellular process that promote growth

Ecological diversity

Structure/function relationships regarding ecology.

Phylogenetic diversity

Evolutionary relationships between organisms. (Genetic, evolutionary relationships between organisms).

derived from a common ancestor

These differences in evolution can be tracked using an essential gene such as the 16S rRNA. All organisms found on Earth are _________________.

different functions and roles, closely related, same genes

Phylogenetic relation can often indicate whether two species may have _________________ in their ecology, as ________ microbes share many of the _________.

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Proteobacteria, six subclasses.

___________ are the largest and most metabolically diverse phylum of Bacteria. There are _______: Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon, and Zeta.

Gram-negative, lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

All proteobacteria are ________. Many also contain ___________ on their outer-membrane.

provides protection

The LPS of Gram-negative bacteria ________ to the bacteria from antibiotics and host-cell immune systems.

soil, water, human gut, infectious and pathogenic

Proteobacteria are often found in _____, ______, _________. They can be _________ and ______ under certain conditions.

Firmicutes, gram-positive, regular GC-content (around 50%)

______ are defined as phylum of _________ bacteria which have DNA with a __________.

form endospores

Firmicutes can sometimes ________ which can enable them to survive harsh conditions.

wide-variety of shapes, coccus, Bacillus (model organism)

Firmicutes come in a ___________ such as cocci, bacilli, and filamentous. Their shape is often indicated in their name Ex. Strepo______ or _________ subtilis

disease

Some members of firmicutes are involved in ______ such as C. diff and S. aureus (MRSA)

Actinobacteria, high GC-content (greater than 70%)

___________ are defined as a phylum of Gram-positive bacteria which have DNA with a ___________.

Bacilli shaped, filamentous, soils

Actinobacteria can be either ________ or __________. They are predominantly found in ______; they account for the smell of soil.

Mycobacterium (TB), Streptomyces

Actinobacteria include ___________ and __________.

antibiotic production

Strepomyces are famous for their ___________. 50% of Strepomyces isolated produce at least one antibiotic.

Model organisms, cause disease.

_________ include Mycobacterium smegmatis and Streptomyces coelicolor. While species like Mycobacterium tuberculosis __________.

Cyanobacteria, oxygenic photosynthesis

____________ defined as a phylum of Gram-negative bacteria which can perform ____________.

blue-green, nitrogen fixation

Cyanobacteria bacteria are sometimes referred to as a ________ due to presence of photosynthetic pigments. They are also responsible for _________.

oxygen-rich atmosphere

Cyanobacteria's ability to produce oxygen through photosynthesis resulted in the formation of an ______________.

aquatic environments, soils

Cyanobacteria can be found in various ____________________ and _______.

plastid (chloroplasts) ancestor

Cyanobacteria include Synechocystsis and Cyanothece, alongside the ______________.

Bacteroidetes

______ are defined as Gram-negative, nonsporulating, rod-shaped Bacteria.

microbial communities, human gut, terrestrial, aquatic

Bacteroidetes are a major component of the ______________ within the ______. However, the phyla can also be found in most _____ and ________ enviroments.

anaerobic, fermentative, obligate aerobes

Bacteroidetes acteroides genus include the ______ and ______ Bacteroides. Whereas other members of the phylum can be _________.

large intestine

Bacteroidetes include Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron which is found in abundance in the ___________ of humans.

Archaea, prokaryotic domain

_________ are a _______ which have several distinct phyla.

lack a nucleus

Archaea _________, but their central dogma machinery (RNA polymerase) resembles that of eukaryotes.

ether linked phospholipids

One of the key features of Archaea is that they contain __-___________, which are more stable than those in bacteria and eukaryotes.

pseudopeptidoglycan

One of the key features of Archaea is that they contain cell walls made of _______________

survive extreme conditions

One of the key features of Archaea is they can __________ such as heat (hyperthermophiles)

Produce methane via methanogensis

One of the key features of Archaea is they are the only domain of life that can ___________________.

Fungi, eukaryotic kingdom

__________ are a ________ which have several distinct phyla. Some fungi are microbial while others are multi-cellular organisms.

nucleus

One of the key features of fungi is that they contain a ________.

budding

One of the key features of fungi is they reproduce via _______.

chitin

One of the key features of fungi is they have cell walls made of ________.

Heterotrophic

One of the key features of fungi is that they are ________ meaning they obtain nutrients from organic substances.

diverse environments

One of the key features of fungi is that they can be found in ____________ such as soil, plant surfaces, and the human body.

Protists, eukaryotic grouping

________ are a ________, that groups together everything that is not a plant, fungi, or animal. It includes algae. Some protists are microbial while others are multicellular organisms.

budding, binary fission

One of the key features of protists is that they reproduce via ___________ or ___________.

cellulose

One of the key features of protists is that their cell walls are made of _______ in some cases (algae)

heterotrophic, autotrophic, mixotrophic

One of the key features of protists is that they can be __________, _________, or __________.

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (green algae)

Model organism for Eukaryotic protists

Phylogeny, evolutionarily

_______ is a measure of how closely related two species of an organism are _______.

last common ancestor

Phylogeny groups organisms based on their ________ and produces the phylogenetic trees we previously saw.

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based on vertical evolution

Phylogenetic diversity is only one measure of a cell's diversity ________________.

Unrelated organisms

__________ may perform the same processes, and closely related organisms may differ substantially.

Horizontal gene transfer

The transfer of DNA from one distantly related species of microbe to another. This DNA encodes proteins involved in metabolic process.

Convergent evolution

the separate evolution of similar traits or behaviors in response to environmental conditions. (fly's wings vs bird's wings)

Gene loss

Genes and genetic pathways can be lost from closely related organisms if they are no longer essential or beneficial