BIOL 206: Genetics and Society Concepts

These flashcards cover key concepts and terminology from the BIOL 206 lecture on Genetics and Society, focusing on genetics, cell biology, and related techniques.

Human Genome Project

An international research initiative aimed at mapping and understanding all the genes of the human species.

Next-gen DNA sequencing

A modern DNA sequencing technology that allows for the rapid sequencing of large amounts of DNA.

ion torrent DNA sequencer

Eugenics

A set of beliefs and practices aimed at improving the genetic quality of a human population.

Genetic profiling

A process of determining an individual's DNA characteristics.

DNA databases

Collections of DNA profiles that can be used to identify individuals.

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

Organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.

Bt Roundup resistant crops

corn or other crops that produce a toxin to kill pests that eat it

Sally Hemmings

enslaved woman who had children with thomas jeffereson

properties of carbon

abundant. forms 4 covalent bonds, flexible bonds, can form polymers, other elements can attach

different forms that carbon compounds can create

long chains, branched chains, rings

properties of water

acts as a —- for biochemcal reactions

stabilizes — and — —

enables — and —

maintains — —- and —-

participates directly in —

solvent

proteins, nucleic acids

diffusion, transport

cell shape, volume

reactions

Hydrophilic

Substances that are attracted to water and can dissolve in it.

polar

uneven distribution of charge giving partial positive and negative ends

hydrophilic

Hydrophobic

Substances that repel water and do not dissolve in it.

non polar

shares electrons equally, has neutral charge

hydrophobic

asymmetric charge of water molecule

oxygen is partially negative and hydrogenis partially positive

hydrogen bond

weak attraction of a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electrongative atom

Amphipathic

Molecules that have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts.

micelle

small spherical structure of amphipathic molecules that arrange in water

Fatty acid

A hydrophillic carboxylic acid head and a hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail

Lipid bilayer

A double layer of lipids that forms the basic structure of cell membranes.

examples of hydrophillic and hydrohobic compounds

phillic- ethanol, propanol, glucose

phobic- propane, fats and oils

number of different cell types

over 300 types!

human cell atlas

measure gene expression profiles in individual cells

mitochondria

atp production, energy source

ribosomes

makes proteins by assembling aminos

ccytoplasm

contains proteins, water based

vacuole

membrane bound organelle

lysosome

contains digestive enzymes

golgi apparatus

modifies, sorts, packages proteins and lipids

rough er

has ribosomes, helps make and process proteins

smooth er

lipid production, calcium storage

microtubule

gives cell structure, helps in transport

cell surface receptors and signaling

5,000-10,000 receptors on cell surface

signal goes to nucleus to turn on genes

nucleus and chromosomes

holds DNA + proteins=chromatin

6×10^9 base pairs

46 chromosomes, 23 pairs, 22 autosomes

diploid

cell with two compelete sets of chromosomes one from each parent

haploid

cell with one complete set of chromosomes

cloning by nuclear transfer method and significance

john gordon

produce a genetically identical organism

transfer nucleus into an egg without a nucleus

understand gene expression

medical aplications

isolation of cells from tissue

separate individual living cells to be studied potentially outside of body

fetal bovine serum

supplement added to cell culture media to support cells

primary cells

cells isolated from living tissue and grown for first time in cuture

limited lifespan

hayflick limit

cells have some counting mechanism

about 2000 divisons

immortal cell types

cancer cells

stem cells

unlimited life span, grow indefinetly

organoid cultures

3d invitro cell culture systems in which stem cells organize into structures resembling real organs

stem cells

immature dividing cells that generate a continuous supply of mature cells

tissue specific stem cells

undifferentiated cells found in certain tissues that can self renew and differentiate into that tissue only

embryonic stem cells

pluripotent cells from an embryo that can self renew and differentiate into many cell types

pluripotent

can ifferentiate into almost all types of cells

induced stem cells

adult cells that have been genetically reprogramed to behave like embryonic cells

can differentiate into almost any cell type

dividing/cycling

stem cells

non-dividing cells resting

immune system. liver, endothlial cells

permanent non-dividing

neuros, heart muscle

apoptotic cells

programmed cell death

damaged cells, nutrient deficienies, pre-cancerous

cell cycle

interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

interphase

resting, between cell divisions

includes g1, s, g2

G0

resting not dividing

G1

10 hrs

after division

cytoplasmic components are made

G2

4 hrs

before division

produce mitosis materials

S phase

8 hrs

copy of chromosomes

dna synthesis

g1 phase checkpoint

is there DNA damage? is environment favorable?

s phase checkpoint

is there DNA damage

G2 phase checkpoint

is all DNA replicated? is DNA damage repaired?

m phase checkpoint

are all chromosomes properly attached to mitotic spindle?

Mitosis

The process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells.

goal of mitosis

duplicate cell and generate 2 new cells

mitosis prophase

nuclear envelope breaks down

chromosomes condense into 2 chromatids

join at centromere

mitosis metaphase

chromosomes move to middle of cell

spindles attach to centropheres of chromatids

mitosis metaphase plate

chromosomes move to middle of cell

mitosis anaphase

centromeres divide

chromatids begin to split

mitosis telophase

chromosomes at opposite neds

chromosomes uncoil

nuclei reform

mitosis cytokinesis

cleavage furrow, split

2 new cells

sister chromatids

two identical copies of a single chromosome produced during DNA replication

centromere

.constricted area of chromosome that holds chromatids together after DNA replication

p arm

shorter of two arms of replicated cromosome

changes here detect genetic disorder

q arm

longer of two arms on replicated chromosome

metacentric

centromere located near center, arms are abt the same length

submetacentric

centromere located off center resulting in shorter p arm, longer q arm

acrocentric

centromere very close to one end leading to extremely short p arm and long q arm

telocentric

centromere at very end of chromosome, only one arm visible, no p arm

centriole

pair structure that forms the centrosome when together, made of microtubules

spindle fibers

made of microtubules that form during division in order to move chromosomes

Meiosis

The process of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, producing gametes.

goal of meiosis

to produce genetically unique sex cells with hald the normal number of chromosomes

meiosis prophase I

chromosomes condense making homologous pairs

crossowver occurs

meiosis Metaphase I

chromosome pairing (synapsis) completed, double chromosomes assemble at metaphase plate

Meiosis anaphase I

chromosome pairs separated, centromeres don’t split

meiosis telophase I

chromosome pairs are at two sides of cell

meiosis cytokinesis I

cells split into two, each has one copy of duplicated chromosomes

meiosis prophase II

sister chromatids condense

meiosis metaphase II

chromosomes line up at metaphase plate

meiosis anaphase II

centromeres divide and copies separate

meiosis telophase II

sister chromatids at two sides of cell

meiosis cytokinesis II

cells split into two haploid

homologous chromosomes

matching chromosomes one from father and one from mother

synapsis

homologous chromosomes pair up allowing genetic excahnge during meiosis one

crossing over

exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes

reduction division

process of meiosis one in which the chromosome number is reduced by half

diploid

having pairs of homologous chromosomes with one set inherited from mother and one set from father

haploid

one complete set of chromosomes

oogenesis multiplication

before birth the oogonia divide intp primary oocytes