Mitosis and the Cell Cycle

These flashcards cover key concepts and vocabulary related to mitosis, cell division, the cell cycle, and genetic principles.

Cell Division

The process vital for all living organisms to create new cells.

Gametes

Reproductive cells created through cell division for sexual reproduction.

Growth and Development

The process of continual cell division required even after essential body parts have formed.

Mitosis

The process that sorts and divides duplicated chromosomes into two identical sets for daughter cells.

Cytokinesis

The process that divides the cytoplasm to create two separate daughter cells.

Interphase

The phase in which a cell spends most of its life preparing for cell division.

G1 Phase (Gap 1)

The stage where the cell grows and prepares for DNA synthesis.

S Phase (Synthesis)

The stage where DNA is replicated, creating two identical copies of each chromosome.

G2 Phase (Gap 2)

The stage where the cell prepares for mitosis through rapid growth and protein synthesis.

Chromosomes

Structures made of DNA that become visible during mitosis when DNA condenses.

Chromatid

An identical copy of a chromosome, formed during the replication phase.

Cleavage Furrow

The indentation that forms in animal cells during cytokinesis to guide the cell's division.

Cell Plate

A structure formed in plant cells during cytokinesis to divide the cell, leading to the formation of a new cell wall.

Diploid

A cell that contains two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

Haploid

A cell that has half the number of chromosomes, as seen in gametes.

Non-Disjunction

An error during cell division when homologous chromosomes fail to separate properly.

Down Syndrome

A trisomic disorder caused by having three copies of chromosome 21.

Turner Syndrome

A monosomic disorder in females resulting from the absence of one X chromosome.

Klinefelter Syndrome

A trisomic condition in males characterized by an extra X chromosome (XXY).

Mendel's Law of Segregation

The principle stating that two hereditary factors for each trait segregate during the formation of gametes.

Dominant Allele

An allele that expresses its trait over a recessive allele in a heterozygous condition.

Recessive Allele

An allele that is masked by a dominant allele and only expresses its trait in a homozygous condition.

Punnett Square

A diagram used to predict the genotype and phenotype combinations of offspring from a genetic cross.

Dihybrid Cross

A genetic cross that examines the inheritance of two different traits.

Genotype

The genetic constitution of an individual, represented by the combination of alleles.

Phenotype

The observable traits of an organism resulting from the genotype.

Define Hereditary

The passing of genetic traits from parents to offspring through genes.

what is the difference between dominance and codominance

Codominance occurs when both alleles in a heterozygote are dominant, resulting in a phenotype that shows both traits clearly, for example, type AB blood type. Dominance is the relationship between alleles, where one allele is more dominant than the other, determining the phenotype. Codominance occurs when both alleles in a heterozygote are both dominant, resulting in a phenotype that shows both traits clearly for example type AB blood type.

recessive

An allele that is not shown because of the dominant allele in a heterozygote and is only shown if both alleles are recessive.

Hybrid

An organism that has two different alleles for a specific trait, resulting from the combination of a dominant and a recessive allele.

homozygous alleles

Both alleles are the same either dominant or recessive

Heterozygous allele

A recessive and dominant allele. They do not match

Allele

a different version of a gene.

F1 generation

The first group of offspring produced when two parent are crossed.

F2 Generation

The kids produced when members of the F1 generation are crossed with each other.

Carrier

a person who has one recessive allele for a trait but does not show the trait. They can pass the recessive allele to their children.

Cross test

breed an organism that has a dominant trait with a homozygous recessive organism to find out the unknown genotype. To see if the organism with the dominant trait is homozygous dominant (AA) or heterozygous (Aa).