5 Eukaryotic Cell Structure

organelle

small units that are enclosed by a separate membrane located in the cell, prokaryotes don't have any

• Ribosomes aren't ______

paramecium, amoeba

The most common protozoa (which include protists) are: (2)

Stentor

This protozoa > protist has animal like instincts and will attack their food source

Golgi apparatus

This organelle receives, modifies, packages, & transports proteins. Replaces components of plasma membrane.

• made of stacked cisternae (dictyosomes)

• cis forming face

• trans maturing face

dictyosomes

A stack of flattened cisternae in the golgi apparatus

Chloroplast, starch vacuole

What two organelles differentiate algal cells from fungal or protozoan cells?

Protozoan cell

This type of cell doesn’t have a cell wall but it has a pellicle, outer surface layer of some _____ is sufficiently rigid to maintain a distinctive shape

Euglena

Type of protist that posses plant and animal instincts

• difference between paramecium and this organism, is that this organism has a chloroplast for photosynthesis

• has flagella for movement unlike paramecium (cilia)

• no cell wall but has pellicle

cytosol, organelles

The cytoplasm of eukaryotes consists of ___ and ____

chromatin

complex of DNA, histones, and other proteins

• 5 types of histones form nucleosomes: H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H4

• condenses into chromosome during division

H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H4

these 5 histones form nucleosomes:

phagocytosis, clathrin dependent, caveolin dependent

What are the 3 types of endocytosis?

endosome

Clathrin-coated vesicles & some caveolin-coated vesicles deliver contents to ____ (organelles w/t hydrolytic enzymes)

• eventually becomes a lysosome

nucleolus

Directs synthesis & processing of rRNA

• directs assembly of rRNA to form a partial ribosomal subunits

• ribosomes mature in cytosol

80s, 60s, 40s

The size of a eukaryotic ribosome ____

• large subunit ____

• small subunit ___

mitochondria

90% of energy is produced: contains its own ribosomes & DNA (may be circular)

• enzymes of tricarboxylic acid cycle & those involved in catabolism of fatty acids

• ATP generated in electron transport & oxidative phosphorylation

chloroplasts

Site of photosynthetic reactions

- The stroma (a matrix) is within inner membrane

• DNA, ribosomes, & thylakoids (trapping of light energy to generate ATP, NADPH, & oxygen)

mycology

the study of fungi

• yeast - always unicellular (can be hairy)

• mold - multicellular, can be filamentous or fleshy (hairy)

mycoses

fungal infections: 200 of the 100,000 species are pathogenic to humans & animals

fungi

• Nutritional type: chemoheterotroph

• Multicellularity: all except yeast

• Cellular arrangement: unicellular, filamentous, fleshy

• food acquisition: absorptive

• sexual & asexual spores

Rough ER

ribosomes attached; synthesis of secreted proteins by ER associated ribosomes

• Ship to Golgi apparatus

Smooth ER

devoid of ribosomes, synthesis of lipids by ER associated enzymes

- Lipids: steroids or hormones

• Filtration, gets rid of old products/ organelles

hyphae

strains on the mold with two distinct parts: vegetative & aerial

aerial hyphae

reproductive portion, breaks off & become a yeast cell & eventually becomes a mold

vegetative hyphae

strains on molds that obtain nutrients

thallus, mycelium

The fungal _____ (body) consists of hyphae; a mass of hyphae is a ______

Yeast

Unicellular fungi that produces by fission (divides symmetrically) or budding (divide asymmetrically)

• 1 ___ can produce up to 24 daughter cells

bud scar

In budding, this structure lets you know how many times a yeast cell has produced a daughter cell

fungal dimorphism

The ability of certain fungi to switch b/w two distinct morphologies: unicellular yeast form & multicellular filamentous form

yeastlike

Pathogenic dimorphic fungi is _____ (shrink) at 37C & moldlike (elongate) at 25C

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae)

This species of fungi makes beer, bread, wine, used to genetically engineer Hep. B vaccine

trichoderma

A genus of fungi used to commercially produce cellulase to remove plant cell walls to produce juice

Entomophaga

genus of fungi that works as biocontrol; kills gypsy moths that destroy trees in eastern US

• Target moth at catepillar stage

paecilomyces

genus of fungi that kill termites

systemic, subcutaneous, cutaneous, superficial

What are the 4 categories of mycoses?

systemic mycoses

Type of mycoses deep within the body usually caused by soil fungi; inhalation of spores; lung infection spreads; not contagious

subcutaneous mycoses

type of mycoses beneath the skin; saprophytic soil fungi; direct implantation of spores of mycelia into a puncture wound

• Ex: sporotrichosis, skin infection by fungus Sporothrix

cutaneous mycoses

type of mycoses: dermatophytes; affect hair, skin, & nails; human to human & secrete keratase

superficial mycoses

type of mycoses that is in the hair shafts; prevalent in the tropics

Candida albicans (C. albicans)

type of mycoses that results in skin infections, thrust, or vaginitis

Cryptococcus neoformans (C. neoformans)

Mycoses that cause meningoencephalitis

Histoplasmosis

An infection caused by Histoplasma capsulatum from absorbing or inhaling bird droppings

• diagnosed from biopsy of lungs & is often misdiagnosed as cancer bc of white lesions in the lung tissue

• Lung infection or pneumonia caused by breathing in spores

• infection can be mild to severe & can lead to meningitis

Pneumocystis jirovecii

Fungus that causes pneumocystosis: lung infection primarily affecting individuals with weakened immune systems

Tinea corporis

Fungi that causes ringworm on the scalp

tinea pedis

type of fungi that causes athlete’s foot and jock itch

onychomycosis

fungal infection of the nail unit, encompass dermatophytes, yeast, & saprophytic mold infection

• Thickening & discoloration of the nail

tinea versicolor

fungal skin infection caused by yeast Malassezia; result in discolored patches of skin bc it affects pigmentation of the skin

coccidioidomycosis

Infection caused by Coccidiodes immitis; also known as “Valley Fever”

• cough, fever, rash on trunk, headache, joint pains that occurs 1-3 weeks after exposure

• clears up if you have good immune system

• Common in Utah, California, Arizona, Nevada, MX & lives in soil < highest cases in Cali & Arizona

• treated with Amphotericin B or ketoconazole

• 25k-100k cases each year

Sprototrichosis

fungal infection caused by Sporothrix schenckii a dimorphic fungus

• “Rose-handler’s disease” < often seen in gardeners/ farmers

• cats key source of transmission

• yeast like cells on cytologic exam are diagnostic

prototheca

Algae rarely infects humans, the biggest threat is food poisoning caused by agal toxins

• Exception: ______ which produces toxins

diatoms

Type of algae with pectin & silica cell walls (high boiling point); unicellular or filamentous

• chlorophyll a & c, carotene, xanthophylls (yellow color)

• store oil by capturing light energy & converting it to oil

• fossilized ____ form oil deposits

• produce domoic acid

domoic acid intoxication

has caused outbreaks in those who eat mussels (diarrhea & memory loss) & killed hundreds of marine birds & sea lions in California (genus: Pseudo-nitzschia)

• neurotoxin caused by diatoms that accumulate in shellfish

Dinoflagellates

Type of algae whose plasma membrane is made of cellulose; unicellular & stores starch

• chlorophyll a & c, carotene, xanthophylls

• some are symbionts in marine animals

• neurotoxins cause paralytic shellfish poisoning

Gymnodinium breve

Species of dinoflagellate that cause red tide algae bloom (can look red, green, gold, brown)

• secretes brevetoxin (can be deadly, no treatment)

• massive fish kills & deadly to whales

Brevetoxin

toxin secreted by Gymnodinium breve that causes tingling sensations in mouth + extremities, heat or chills, bradycardia, diarrhea

meningoencephalitis

inflammation of both brain & meninges

• fetal cases caused by amoebic meningoencephalitis (Balamuthia & Naegleria fowleri species)

• enter body when water splashed into upper nasal tract & into brain via olfactory cranial nerves

• found in 70% of lake reservoirs in the US

Malaria

Caused by plasmodium (protozoal) parasites: P. vivax (most common) & P. falciparum (most deadly)

• symptoms: relapsing fever, shaking chills, prostration, anemia, enlarged spleen, vomiting, cough, joint pain, abdominal pain, jaundice

• infects 300 million a year & 1 million deaths

Plasmodium vivax

The most common type of malaria infection

Plasmodium falciparum

the most deadly type of malaria infection

helminths

Parasitic worms with digestive, nervous, & complex reproductive system

• Egg > larva > adult

• monoecious (hermaphroditic)

• dioecious

monoecious

Hermaphroditic helminths with a male & female reproductive systems in one animal; doesn’t require mate

• Ex: Tapeworm

dioecious

reproduction in helminths that requires a male & female to mate

• Ex: hookworm & pinworm

scolex

mouth of the tapeworm that attaches to the intestine

Enterobius vermicularis

Pinworm

• female crawls out of anus at night to lay eggs

• cause intense itching & irritability (generally not dangerous)

• eggs spread easily to clothing, bedding, etc

• estimates that 12% of US population is infested

Necator americanus

Hookworm

• Eggs hatch in soil

• Larvae penetrates intact skin (through hair follicles)

• Enter capillaries, migrates to lungs

• Leaves bloodstream to enter alveoli, crawls up respiratory tree to back of throat

• Swallowed & uses hooks to latch on to intestinal lining

• Causes blood loss, abdominal discomfort, & anemia, especially in children

• Adult worms 0.5-1 inches. Lay eggs that come out in stool starting life cycle over again.