anatomy

anatomy is the study of

structure of the body

physiology examines

function how the body functions

microscopic anatomy

structures that cannot be observed by unaided eye

• cytology, histology

gross anatomy

structures visible

-systemic anatomy , regional anatomy, surface anatomy, comparative anatomy, embryology

characteristics common to all living things

1.) Reproduction

2.) Growth

3.) React to Stimuli

4.) Metabolism

5.) Regulation (Body)

6.) Organization

Conformity

• internal environment to change along with external environment

Regulation

maintain a constant internal environment in changes in external environment

Internal environment that must be homeostatically maintained

ph, pressure, nutrients, h2o concentration, oxygen/gases co2, charge, temperature

homeostasis

ability of an organism to maintain consistent internal environment in response to changing internal/ external conditions

Negative Feedback

body temp rises-body sweats more- body temperature drops

controls most processes in the body, variable fluctuates within a normal range around a set point, resulting action is in the opposite direction of the stimulus

positive feedback

rare, stimulus reinforced to continue moving variable in some direction, body returns to homeostasis

physiological change

-response to changes in the external environment

acute response: short period of time; modify activities of existing cells/proteins

chronic response: take place over long period of time, restructures animal to meet new environment changes

ways water plays a role in the body?

water is a POLAR molecule

blood 92% water, transport→ urine lymph, sweat predominately water, spinal fluid, universal solvent

Nonpolar molecules

do not dissolve in water

hydrophobic: “water-fearing” ex:// water and hexane

hydrophobic exclusion- cohesive water molecules “force out” nonpolar molecules

Hydrophobic interaction- “excluded molecules”

general functions of lipids

stored energy, cellular membrane components, hormones

P. E.T.S.

Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids

saturated fatty acids

lack double bonds straight tails,

unsaturated fatty acids

one double bond- kinky bent tail

Transport proteins

-channel, carrier, pump, ligand-gated ion channels

Cell surface receptors

-bind molecules, ligand

identity markers

communicate whether belong or not, glycoproteins are proteins with carbohydrate attach

enzymes

substrate: molecule enzyme acts on

product: molecule enzyme forms

anchoring sites

cytoskeleton protein

cell-adhesion proteins

proteins that form membrane junction

passive transport

facilitated diffusion

protein channels

active transport

protein channels

atp use of energy

4 primary functions of the plasma membrane

1.) Physical barrier between cell and fluid that surround it (interstitial fluid)

2.) regulates movement into and out of a cell

3.) Establishes and maintains electrochemical gradient

4.) functions in cell membrane

hydrophilic

“water-long” ex;// water and glucose (polar)

water is non polar or polar

polar

phospholipid

tails (uncharged, nonpolar, hydrophobic)

head (negatively charged, polar (ex;// glycerol, hydrophilic)