Exam 1 - chapter 3 (p1) CELLULAR ORGANIZATION

what is cytology

study of cells

proteins that bind ligands and allow signaling are_____

receptors

hypotonic solutions may cause ____

lysis

hypertonic solutions may cause ____

crenation

stored material in the cytoplasm are called _____

inclusions

the fluid filled center of the mitochondrion is the ____

matrix

enzymes in peroxisomes that catalyze oxidation reactions are ____

oxidases

enzymes in peroxisomes that break down hydrogen peroxide are ____

catalases

the carbohydrate layer on the extracellular surface of the plasma membrane is called the _____

glycolax

how many cells are in the human body?

75 trillion

how many different types of cells are in the human body?

200

what are sex cells?

sperm and egg

what are somatic cells?

everything else

all cells are surrounded by ____ membrane

plasma

______ holds in cytoplasm

plasma membrane

cytoplasm consists of ____ (fluid) and _____ (structures)

cytosol, organelles

body cells are surrounded by ______ (fluid outside membrane)

interstitial fluid

what is the plasma / cell membrane?

phospholipid bilayer

what are the 4 functions of the cell membrane?

physical barrier, regulates exchange, sensitivity, support

____ self assemble into bilayer

phospholipids

cholesterol resists _______

osmotic lysis

what are the most common proteins in the plasma membrane?

integral

_______ span whole width of plasma membrane

integral proteins

________ stick to inner / outer surface of membrane

peripheral proteins

_______ attach to the plasma membrane

anchoring proteins

_________ self identify by immune system in the plasma membrane

recognition proteins

what do enzymes do in the plasma membrane?

start reactions

______ signal, import and export messages in the plasma membrane

receptors

_____ transport solutes in the plasma membrane

carrier proteins

______ move ions and H2O in/out of the plasma membrane

channels

_________ requires no energy from the cell and relies on diffusion

passive transport

_______ requires energy for the cell to move substances

active transport

diffusion is active or passive?

passive

________ is movement from high concentration to low

simple diffusion

what is the transport mechanism of nonpolar and lipid soluble substances?

simple diffusion

_________ needs a transport protein

facilitated diffusion

______ bind proteins that are large or a polar molecule

carrier proteins

channels are proteins that act as _____ for water or ions

pores

leak channels are always ____

open

gated channels are ____

regulated

osmosis is the _____ of water through a ______ membrane

diffusion, semipermeable

what is osmotic pressure?

pressure needed to stop water from moving across membrane

_______ contain solute concentrations equal to the cell

isotonic solutions

_________ have no net movement and no osmotic pressure

isotonic solutions

______ solutions contain less solutes than the cell

hypotonic

_______ solutions contain more solutes than the cell

hypertonic

hypotonic = movement of water ___ cell

into

hypertonic = movement of water ____ cell

out of

______ transport requires a transport protein

active

______ requires bulk transport of small molecules or absorption of large particles

vesicular transport

what is exocytosis?

moves out of cell

what is endocytosis?

moves into cell

______ takes only what it needs

receptor mediated endocytosis

in receptor mediated endocytosis an endosome is fused with a ______

lysosome

pinocytosis is known as _____

cell drinking

in pinocytosis an endosome is fused with a ______

lysosome

phagocytosis is known as ____

cell eating

in phagocytosis a phagosome is fused with a ______

lysosome

_____ are ruffles and folds that maximize surface area of membrane

microvilli

______ occupies space between the plasma membrane and nuclear membrane

cytoplasm

what is cytosol?

fluid

what are inclusions in cytoplasm?

type and number changes with cell

what do organelles do?

carry out cellular functions

what are the 6 membranous organelles?

ER, golgi, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, nucleus

what are the 4 non-membranous organelles?

cytoskeleton, centrioles, ribosomes, proteasomes

what does the cytoskeleton do?

organize the cell

how many types of filaments are in cytoskeleton?

4

what are microfilaments made of?

actin protein

_____ attaches membrane proteins to cytoskeleton

microfilament

_______ controls consistency of cytoplasm

microfilament

microfilament produces movement with _____

myosin

what does intermediate filament do? (2 things)

strengthen and stabilize

_____ are hollow tubes made of tubulin

microtubules

where do microtubules come from?

centrosome

what are microtubules?

foundation of cytoskeleton

_______ assist in mobility and tranport

microtubules

what do microtubules make up?

spindle apparatus

the ________ carries out nuclear division

spindle apparatus

what are the 3 organelles in microtubules

centrioles, cilia, flagella

what is thick filament composed of?

myosin protein

thick filament is in ______ only

muscle cells

______ produces movement with actin

thick filament

______ is made up of cytoplasm and 2 centrioles

centrosome

______ aids in microtubule organization, and assembles spindle apparatus

centrosomes

cilia is short or long?

short

what do cilia do?

move things over cell

flagellum is long or short?

long

what does flagellum do?

moves cell through environment

______ are the site of protein synthesis

ribosomes

ribosomes are 60% ____ and 40% _____

rRNA, protein

______ make proteins for cytoplasm

free ribosomes

_______ ribosomes attach to ER

fixed

the endoplasmic reticulum is made from ______

cisternae

what makes the rough ER rough?

fixed ribosomes

the ______ makes and modifies proteins

RER

does the smooth ER have ribosomes?

no

what are the 4 functions of the smooth ER?

lipid metabolism, glycogen and ion storage, detoxification

what is the golgi made up of?

cisternae

what does the golgi do ? (hint: post office of the cell)

modify and package

_______ are temporary digestive organelles

lysosomes