Anatomy and Physiology: Quiz 2 - chapter 3 (p1) CELLULAR ORGANIZATION

what is cytology

study of cells

how many cells are in the human body?

75 trillion

how many different types of cells are in the human body?

200

what are sex cells?

sperm and egg

what are somatic cells?

everything else

all cells are surrounded by ____ membrane

plasma

plasma membrane ____ cytoplasm

holds in

cytoplasm consists of ____ (fluid) and _____ (structures)

cytosol, organelles

body cells re surrounded by ______ (fluid outside membrane)

interstitial fluid

what is the plasma / cell membrane?

phospholipid bilayer

what are the 4 functions of the cell membrane?

physical barrier, regulates exchange, sensitivity, support

phospholipids _____ into bilayer

self assemble

cholesterol resists _______

osmotic lysis

what are the 4 functions of glycocalyx in the plasma membrane?

protection, anchoring, receptors, identity

what are the most common proteins in the plasma membrane?

integral

what do integral proteins do in the plasma membrane?

span width of membrane

what do peripheral proteins do in the plasma membrane?

stick to inner/outer surface

what do anchoring proteins do in the plasma membrane?

attach

what do recognition proteins do in the plasma membrane?

self identification by immune system

what do enzymes do in the plasma membrane?

start reactions

what do receptors do in the plasma membrane?

signal, import/export

what do carrier proteins do in the plasma membrane?

transport solutes

what do channels do in the plasma membrane?

move ions and H2O in/out

passive transport requires ____ from the cell and relies on ____

no energy, diffusion

active transport requires ____ for the cell to ___ substances

energy, move

diffusion is active or passive?

passive

what is simple diffusion?

movement from high concentration to low

what is the transport mechanism of nonpolar and lipid soluble substances?

simple diffusion

what is facilitated diffusion?

needs transport protein

carriers bind proteins that are ____ or a ____ molecule

large, polar

channels are proteins that act as _____ for water or ions

pores

leak channels are always ____

open

gated channels are ____

regulated

osmosis is the _____ of water through a ______ membrane

diffusion, semipermeable

what is osmotic pressure?

pressure needed to stop water from moving across membrane

isotonic solutions contain solute concentrations ____ to the cell

equal

isotonic solutions have ____ and _____

no net movement, no osmotic pressure

hypotonic solutions contain ___ solutes than the cell

less

hypertonic solutions contain ____ solutes than the cell

more

hypotonic = movement of water ___ cell

into

hypertonic = movement of water ____ cell

out of

active transport requires a _____

transport protein

vesicular transport requires ______ of small molecules or ____ of large particles

bulk transport, absorption

what is exocytosis?

moves out of cell

what is endocytosis?

moves into cell

what does receptor mediated endocytosis do?

takes only what it needs

in receptor mediated endocytosis an endosome is fused with a ______

lysosome

pinocytosis is known as _____

cell drinking

in pinocytosis an endosome is fused with a ______

lysosome

phagocytosis is known as ____

cell eating

in phagocytosis a phagosome is fused with a ______

lysosome

what is microvilli?

ruffles and folds that maximize surface area of membrane

cytoplasm occupies space between _______ and ______

plasma membrane, nuclear membrane

what is cytosol?

fluid

what are inclusions in cytoplasm?

type and number changes with cell

what do organelles do?

carry out cellular functions

what are the 6 membranous organelles?

ER, golgi, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, nucleus

what are the 4 non-membranous organelles?

cytoskeleton, centrioles, ribosomes, proteasomes

what does the cytoskeleton do?

organize the cell

how many types of filaments are in cytoskeleton?

4

what are microfilaments made of?

actin protein

microfilament attaches _______ to cytoskeleton

membrane proteins

microfilament controls _____ of cytoplasm

consistency

microfilament produces movement with _____

myosin

what does intermediate filament do? (2 things)

strengthen and stabilize

what is the shape of microtubules and what are they made of?

hollow tubes made of tubulin

where do microtubules come from?

centrosome

what are microtubules?

foundation of cytoskeleton

microtubules assist in _____ and _____

mobility, transport

what do microtubules make up?

spindle apparatus

what does the spindle apparatus do?

nuclear division

what are the 3 organelles in microtubules

centrioles, cilia, flagella

what is thick filament composed of?

myosin protein

thick filament is in ______ only

muscle cells

what does thick filament do?

produce movement with actin

what is a centrosome made up of?

cytoplasm and 2 centrioles

what does a centrosome do? (2 things)

aids in microtubule organization, assembles spindle

cilia is short or long?

short

what do cilia do?

move things over cell

flagellum is long or short?

long

what does flagellum do?

moves cell through environment

what are ribosomes?

site of protein synthesis

ribosomes are 60% ____ and 40% _____

rRNA, protein

what do free ribosomes do?

make proteins for cytoplasm

what do fixed ribosomes do?

attach to ER

what is the endoplasmic reticulum made from?

cisternae

what makes the rough ER rough?

fixed ribosomes

what does the RER do?

make and modify proteins

does the smooth ER have ribosomes?

no

what are the 4 functions of the smooth ER?

lipid metabolism, glycogen and ion storage, detoxification

what is the golgi made up of?

stacks of cisternae

what does the golgi do ? (hint: post office of the cell)

modify and package

what is a lysosome?

temporary digestive organelle

transport vesicles from RER dock on _____ and release contents into golgi

cis face

proteins move between ____ and _____

cis face and trans face

cis face = ____

forming

trans face = ____

maturing

secretory vesicles carry products for use _______

outside cell

membrane renewal vesicles carry products to be put into the _____

plasma membrane

lysosomes contain _____

digestive enzymes