8.1 - human population dynamics and population policies

inflows into population reservoir

• births

• immigration

outflows out of population reservoir

• deaths

• emigration

crude birth rate CBR

live births in a population per year per 1000 people

• CBR = (total births/ total population) x 1000

influences on CBR

• age and sex structure of a population

• customs and family expectations

• population policies

immigration rate

immigrants in a population per year per 1000 people

• IR = (nr. of immigrants/ total population) x 1000

influences on immigration rate

pull factors

• economic opportunities

• political stability

• social and cultural factors

• environmental conditions

• security and safety

crude death rate CDR

deaths in a population per year per 1000 people

• CDR = (total deaths/ total population) x 1000

emigration rate

people leaving a population per year per 1000 people

• ER = (nr. of emigrants/ total population) x 1000

influences on emigration rate

push factors

• economical conditions

• political conditions

• social conditions

natural increase rate NIR

rate of human population growth as a percentage change per year

• NIR = (CBR - CDR)/ 10

total fertility rate TFR

average number of births per year per 1000 women of childbearing age

• TFR = (live births/ nr. of women of childbearing age) x 1000

replacement rate

for population to be stable

• TRF = 2.1

influences on total fertility rate

• cultural norms

• economic conditions

• access to education

• family planning services

doubling time

number of years it would take for a population to double its size at its current growth rate

• DT = 70/ natural increase rate (%)

life expectancy

average nr. of years a person is expected to live assuming current demographic factors remain constant

direct population control policies

• pronatalist

• antinatalist

• migration policies

pronatalist policies

address issues related to declining populations

common features of pronatalist policies

• tax breaks 

• direct payments

• affordable childcare

• paid parental leave

antinatalist policies

to manage population growth in regions with overpopulation concerns

common features of antinatalist policies

• limits on nr of children

• widespread availability of contraceptives

• family planning

• sterilisation programs

• women education

common features of immigration/ immigration policies

• specific criteria for visas

• quotas

• financial incentives

• language and cultural assimilation programs