ANS 150 Exam 3 Domestication/Beef and Dairy Cattle Production

5.0(2)
studied byStudied by 77 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/149

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

150 Terms

1
New cards
Cultural and Biological
What are the two distinct processes of domestication?
2
New cards
resembles a form of genetic selection in that the parent animals (1st domesticated) becomes isolated from its wild population
Describe the biological process of domestication
3
New cards
genetic drift (active or passive)
What does biological process of domestication lead to?
4
New cards
involves changes in how the animal becomes included in the social structure of humans. what role does it play in its interactions with humans.
Describe the cultural process of domestication
5
New cards
Symbiotic
Domestication is what type of relationship?
6
New cards
symbiosis
all conditions of permanent living-together of two different species
7
New cards
subordinate (submissive), dominant
Guest is _____
Host is_____
8
New cards
they both derive equal benefits without domination by one partner
What is perfect symbiosis?
9
New cards
FALSE! this is very very rare
True or False: Perfect symbiosis is very common
10
New cards
Dmitry Belyaev, a russian scientists
Who hypothesized tamability?
11
New cards
Wild Foxes
What animals did Belyaev experiment his hypothesis on?
12
New cards
--> initiated by humans
--> unable to breed for behavioral traits
Before his idea of tamability, what did humans believe domestication to be?
13
New cards
20 generations
For how many generations did Belyaev test his hypothesis?
14
New cards
Class III: least domesticated, bite/flee when approached or stroked
Class II: allow handling/pets, no emotion or friendly response
Class I: friendly, approachable, wagging tails, whining
Class IE: 'Domesticated Elite' eager to establish human contact, lick/sniff experimenters
Describe the four classes of domestication in Belyaev's foxes.
15
New cards
Blazed forehead, curled tail, floppy ears, piebald coat, curly/wavy hair, dwarf/giants
What are some of the phenotypic traits associated with domestication?
16
New cards
"higher order" genes
What is tamability controlled by?
17
New cards
increases it, animals see/hear later in life
How does domestication effect sight and hearing age?
18
New cards
Domestication Age
When the domestication of each species is thought to have begun.
19
New cards
There is a Direct Positive relationship
Is there a positive or negative relationship between a Species' domestication age and the frequency (%) of phenotypic traits associated with domestication (Belyaev) that they possess?
20
New cards
4500 B.C. (6000-6500 years ago)
When were cattle believed to have domesticated?
21
New cards
Auruch
What were wild ancestors of cattle called?
22
New cards
Pockets through Eastern Europe, Northern Africa, and South Asia/ India. This tells us that people became more stationary and less nomadic.
Where did domestication of cattle begin and what does this tell you about the habits of human development?
23
New cards
Religion and Food
What were the two main reasons for original domestication?
24
New cards
European and Asian Explorers
Who brought cattle domestication to the Americas, New Zealand, and Australia?
25
New cards
914,246
What is the number of total beef operations in the United States?
26
New cards
89.9 Million
What is the total beef inventory in the United States?
27
New cards
$76.3 Billion
What is Gross income of beef cattle for the United States?
28
New cards
Texas, Missouri, Nebraska, Oklahoma, South Dakota
What are the top producing states for number of beef cows?
29
New cards
Texas, Nebraska, Kansas, California, Oklahoma
What are the top producing states for market cattle sold?
30
New cards
NC is more about cow/calf production, so we sell smaller cows which means smaller income for the smaller weight sold.
Why isn't North Carolina a major beef market/production state?
31
New cards
Piedmont, foothills
Where in NC are beef cattle operations mostly located?
32
New cards
Urban Sprawl
What is causing a decline in the number of beef cattle operations?
33
New cards
Total beef operations: 18,413

What is NC's total beef operations?
34
New cards

Total beef inventory: 776, 271

What is NC's total beef inventory?
35
New cards

Gross Income: $275 million

What is NC's total gross income for beef cattle production?
36
New cards

Total operations of Market Share: 2%

What is the % of NC's total operations of market share in US?
37
New cards

Total inventory of market share: 0.9%

What is the % of NC's total inventory market share in US?
38
New cards

Gross income of market share: 0.4%
What is the % of NC's gross income of market share in US?
39
New cards
Mild winters, can grow both cool and warm season grasses for foraging.
What is an advantage of beef cattle production in NC?
40
New cards
social aggression and vocalizations
What are two types of behavior patterns?
41
New cards
pecking order
What does social aggression determine?
42
New cards
Swine waste management
Why has there been a large influx in cattle entering the southeastern part of NC?
43
New cards
Turn roughages into meat/usable products
What is an advantage to cattle?
44
New cards
polled
'Bunt' occurs in what kind of cattle?
45
New cards
horned
"Hook" occurs in what kind of cattle?
46
New cards
head down, ears back with surface pointed to the side
Describe a submissive cattle stance
47
New cards
feet underneath and head down, ears back inner surface down and back
Describe a dominant cattle stance
48
New cards
whoever retreats first is submissive and whoever wins more (NOT ALL) interactions
What determines if a cow is dominant/submissive?
49
New cards
"Mm" --> low amplitude, between cow and calf
"mm(h)" --> higher amplitude, frustration (isolated)
"(M)enh" --> very high amplitude sound given when animals are threatening or when calves are hungry
Describe the three main types of cattle vocalization.
50
New cards
Bos taurus
European breeds of cattle
51
New cards
Bos indicus
Zebu breeds of cattle
52
New cards
10-15 months
When do Bos taurus breeds reach puberty?
53
New cards
17-27 months
When do Bos indicus reach puberty?
54
New cards
minimum age and weight
What must be achieved for puberty to occur?
55
New cards
2 years old
When is the ideal first time calving age?
56
New cards
14-15 months
When do most operations usually breed heifers?
57
New cards
Don't want the bulls to get "over-used." The average ratio is 30/1
Why are cow/bull ratios important, and what is the average cow/bull ratio?
58
New cards
21 Days
How long is the Estrous Cycle?
59
New cards
12-18 hours
What is duration of estrus?
60
New cards
Cows ovulate AFTER estrus
Why is it good/beneficial to artificially inseminate cows?
61
New cards
TRUE
True or False: Scrotal circumference of bulls is positively correlated to sperm production and serving capacity.
62
New cards
Prostaglandins and (synthetic) Progesterone
What are the two very effective types of products on the market for controlling estrus in beef cattle?
63
New cards
oral implant or intravaginally --> give for 14 days
What are ways to give cows progesterone and for how long should you give it?
64
New cards
14 days apart and it is given if estrus randomly starts showing.
How far apart are prostaglandin shots given and why is it given?
65
New cards
284 days (270-280 days)
What is the average length of gestation among beef cattle?
66
New cards
rectal palpation
--> rump to crown
-->estimate length to determine fetal age
How is pregnancy diagnosed?
67
New cards
Theriogenologist
Studies Reproduction
68
New cards
not enough nutrition can lead to low birth weights, which can lead to death. the most rapid growth occurs in the last 3 months.
What is the purpose of increasing nutrition in the last 3 months of gestation?
69
New cards
Dystocia
Calving difficultly
70
New cards
The umbilical chord could easily break, suffocating the calf.
Why is it dangerous for a calf to be in the backwards position?
71
New cards
You could potentially harm the calf or affect the mobility or nursing ability of the cow.
Why is it important to conduct the 3 tests before assisting in parturition?
72
New cards
Test 1: Pull on both legs, see if it can passthrough the pelvic cavity
Test 2: can you pull out the first leg a hand-length away from the vulva
Test 3: can you pull the second leg a hand-length away from the vulva
What are the three ways to test if it is okay to pull the calf?
73
New cards
Call a vet, the cow needs a c-section
What should you do if the calf is breached?
74
New cards
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE: if a calf has its arms are head turned/in the wrong position, you can actually reach in and turn the arms or head
75
New cards
The first milk produced for 24 hours, has essential antibodies, lots of energy and nutrients.
What is colostrum?
76
New cards
Colostrum
What do young animals get passive immunity from?
77
New cards
It is cleaned, cut, and treated with an iodine solution.
What happens to the umbilical cord after parturition?
78
New cards
to transport the milk directly into the omasum and abomasum.
What is the purpose of the esophageal groove?
79
New cards
colostrum, clean/cut umbilical cord, vaccinations, castration
What are the important steps of caring for a calf?
80
New cards
Let mom and baby be.
Is it good to let the young be or be super attentive at all times?
81
New cards
7 months (205 days)
For how long do beef cows lactate?
82
New cards
To get one calf per year
What is the goal of rebreeding?
83
New cards
improving pasture quality or supplemental feeding
How can you achieve enhanced nutrition for beef cows through their lactational period?
84
New cards
Lactation
When does rebreeding and part of gestation occur?
85
New cards
It is better to wait (preferably about 60 days after calving) because this increases the chances of having a viable pregnancy.
Is it better to breed right after calving or to wait and why?
86
New cards
A positive relationship
Calving to breeding interval and fertility have what kind of relationship?
87
New cards
It prevents the release of LH and FSH
What does the suckling action of the young do to the mother's gonadotropins?
88
New cards
The weaning weight
What determines the price of the calf?
89
New cards
At Weaning
When are calves sold?
90
New cards
--> Reproductive performance of cows
--> Milk production of cows
--> Mothering ability of cows
What factors influence the sale of calves at weaning?
91
New cards
They are put on grazing pastures
How do calves put on weight?
92
New cards
400-500 lbs
How much do cows weigh when they enter the backgrounding operation?
93
New cards
600 to 900 lbs
How much do cows weigh when they are sold?
94
New cards
--> Weaned 45 days prior to being sold or shipped
--> Veterinary exam (vet health assessment)
--> Vaccinations (and medications)
--> Taught to eat from trough
What does it mean to be "pre-conditioned" before entering backgrounding?
95
New cards
frame score or size of cattle
What does final market weight depend on?
96
New cards
Hip height
What determines frame score?
97
New cards
Drylot
Confined area usually not a pasture
98
New cards
They are handled more and associate better things with humans (milking every day rather than just touching them for vaccines for example)
Why are dairy COWS more friendly?
99
New cards
64,098
What is the total number of dairy operations?
100
New cards
9.2 million
What is the total dairy cow inventory?