Bio Lab 2 Exam

trunk region: thorax

located at the anterior end of the trunk; thoracic cavity is surrounded by the rib cage and has the diaphragm on its posterior side

trunk region: abdomen

is located at the posterior end of the trunk; abdominal cavity has the diaphragm located anterior to it

trunk region: epitrichium

outer layer of the epidermis of the fetus, underneath this layer, hair develops

trunk region: umbilical cord

located on the ventral side of the animal in the abdominal region; contains four tubelike structures;

allantoic stalk (1) - extends from the urinary bladder

umbilical arteries (2) - round vessels and contain thick walls

umbilical vein(1) - vessel is flat and has thin walls

trunk region: anus

located ventrally in relation to the base of the tail

trunk region: nipples (mammary papillae)

usually found in pairs in the abdominal region between the umbilicus and the urogenital opening

male pig

urogenital opening located immediately caudal to the umbilical cord; have scrotal sacs located ventrolaterally to the anus and on the caudal side of the thighs

female pig

have urogenital opening located immediately ventral to the anus; labia are skin folds surrounding the urogenital opening; genital papilla is a small bulge found on the ventral side of the urogenital opening

papillae (mouth)

on surface of tongue; tiny projections that have taste buds

pharynx

structure found in the neck and throat region that is shared between the respiratory and digestive system

mouth

is the anterior opening for digestive system

esophagus

is the posterior opening for digestive system

nasal chamber

is the anterior opening for respiratory system

glottis

the posterior opening into the larynx for the respiratory system

peritoneum

layer made up of simple sqaumous epithelia, which forms the lining of the abdominal cavity

parietal peritoneum

the outer layer that lines the interal body wall; the abdominal wall and pelvic cavity

visceral peritoneum

the inner layer that covers the internal organs that are in the intraperitoneal cavity

diaphragm

muscular layer that seperates the thoracic cavity (anterior) from the abdominal cavity (posterior)

liver

large brown organ lcoated posteriorly to the diaphragm; involved in filtering harmful substances from the blood, produces bile

gall bladder

small thin-walled sac located on the posterior portion of the liver (median lobe) it stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver

stomach

large sac-like organ located posteriorly and to the left of the liver; it produces gastric juice which breaks downs proteins in acidic environments

spleen

flap like organ located posteriorly to the stomach and on the left side of the abdominal cavity; it is involved in RBC destruction and filtering blood, removing microbes (is part of the lymphatic system)

esophagus

the passageway between the mouth and the median side of the stomach (passes through the diaphragm)

greater curvature

the left, lateral and inferior part of the stomach

lesser curvature

the right, medial part of the stomach

cardiac sphincter

the band of smooth muscle that regulates the passage of food from the esophagus to the stomach

pyloric sphincter

the band of smooth muscle that regulates the passage of food from the stomach to the duodenum

gastric rugae

the longitudinal folds observed in the mucosa layer of the stomach

pancreas

organ that is glandular in appearance and located on the loop of the duodenum; produces some digestive fluids and hormones like insulin and glucagon

duodenum

the first section of the small intestine and is involved in making digestive enzymes necessary to break down food; also receives secretions from the gall bladder via the common bile duct and the preacreas via pancreatic duct

the common bile duct

consists of the cystic duct from the gall bladder and the hepatic duct which comes from the liver

jejunum

the section of the small intestine in between the duodenum and the ileum

mesentery

visceral peritoneum that suspends both the jejunum and ileum from the abdominal wall and it is designed to hold the intestive in a coiled manner

large intestine (colon)

located posteriorly to the spleen on the left side of the abdominal cavity; it is kept in a folded manner by mesenteries

the cecum

beginning part of the large intestine; it consists of a blind pouch the receives waste material from the illeum of the small intestine and passes it to the colon; plays a role in increasing the amount of time for food digestion and absorption

the rectum

last portion of the colon; it functions in storing sold waste until it exits the body via the anus

lumen

refers to the central cavity of the gut

villi

finger-like projections that potrude from the wall of the small intestine into the lumen

mucosa

intermost layer of the GI tract; consists of an epithelium layer (columnar epithelium) which function in absorption and secretion

microvilli

microscopic hair-like projections; these hair-like structures consist of foldings of the cell membrane of the mucosa epithelial cells

lymph nodules

consist of groups of lymphocytes located in the submucosa

circular muscle

an inner layer of thick muscle; between the submucosa layer and layer of the longitudinal muscle

longitudinal muscle (thinner)

an outer layer of muscle

thyroid gland

located between the two lobes of the thymus gland, ventral to the trachea and posterior to the larynx; involved in producing thyroid hormones that play a role in regulating the rate of metabolism

thymus gland

two lage masses of glandular tissue; plays a role in immunity

glottis

posterior opening of the respiratory system into the pharynx

larynx

(voicebox in humans) the respiratory passageway located immediately posterior to the pharynx; its opening is the glottis

trachea

respiratory tube reinforced with cartilage located posteriorly to the larynx

esophagus

digestive muscular tube running behind (dorsally) to the trachea; passsageway of food into the stomach

pericardial cavity

space in the thoracic cavity located between the two pleural cavities; it contains fluid that helps to lubricate the membranes, thereby allowing easy heart movement

pericardial sac (aka pericardium)

sac of fibrous tissue that surrounds the heart and the roots of the great blood vessels; consists of the fusion of the parietal pericardium and the parietal pleura

heart

an organ involved in pumping blood; contains for compartments

four compartments of the heart

2 atria and 2 ventricles

right atrium and right ventricle of heart

contain oxygen-poor blood; the right ventricle pumps the blood to the lungs (for oxygenation) and back

the left atrium and ventricle

contain oxygen-rich blood; the left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body (via the aorta) and back

pulmonary circuit

blood is pumped to the lungs and back

systematic circuit

blood is pumped to every other part of the body beside the lungs, and back

anterior/cranial vena cavae

brings blood from regions anterior to the heart

posterior/caudal vena cavae

brings blood from regions posterior to the heart

subscapular vein

brings blood from the shoulder area

axillary vein

brings blood from the remainder of the front leg

ductus arteriosus

a shunt which connects the pulmonary trunk to the aortic arch - present during embryonic development

right subclavian artery (brachiocephalic trunk)

takes blood to the right foreleg

common carotid arteries (brachiocephalic trunk)

(right and left) take blood to the head region

subscapular artery (subclavian artery)

takes blood to the dorsa shoulder region

axillary artery (subclavian artery)

takes blood to the foreleg

coeliac artery

first major branch of the abdominal aorta takes blood to the stomach and spleen

cranial mesenteric artery

takes blood to the small intestine via jejunal arteries

renal arteries (right and left)

take blood to the kidneys

common iliac arteries (right and left)

take blood to the hind body and legs

pharynx

structure found in the throat region that is shared between the respiratory and digestive system

bronchi

an airway in the respiratory system that takes air into the lungs; the trachea divides into two main branches - the left and right bronchi one to each lung

bronchioles

are the first branches of the airway that lack cartilage; they branch off the bronchi and are narrower than one millimeter in diameter; the bronchioles end by entering the alveoli

alveoli

they are found at the end of each bronchi and are hallow “sac-like” structures where gas exchange with blood occurs

tidal volume (VT)

volume of air that is inhaled or exhaled in easy/quiet breathing (500mls)

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

additional air that can be inhaled with maximum effort above the tidal volume

expiratory reserve volume (EVR)

additional air that can be forcefully exhaled above the tidal volume

residual volume (RV)

volume of air remaining in the lungs after maxing expiration which serves to maintain the alveoli inflated; cannot be exhaled from the lungs

vital capacity (VC)

maximum amount of air that can be voluntarily inhaled by the respiratory system after a maximum exhalation

equation for vital capacity (VC)

CV = ERV + IRV +VT

inspiratory capacity (IC)

the maximum amount of gas that can be taken into the lungs after a normql exhalation

equation for inspiratory capacity (IC)

IC = VT + IRV

functional residual capacity

amount of air in lungs at the end of a normal expiration

equation for functional residual capacity

FRC = ERV + RV

total lung capacity (TLC)

maximum amount of air that can be present in our lungs

equation for total lung capacity (TLC)

TLC = VC + RV (5.5-6.1)

urinary or excretory system

excretes metabolic wastes; is involved in osmoregulation (regulates the water and solute balance)

reproductive system

male and female; play a role in reproduction: gametogenesis both in males and females; fertilization: sheltering and providing nourishment for the offspring during embryonic and fetal development in females

osmoregulation

the regulation of the body’s osmotic composition; refers to how much water and salt the body contains; the proper operation of many vertebrate organ systems of the body requires that the osmotic concentration of the blood and tissue fluids be kept within narrow bounds

three tubes connected to each kidney

ureter, renal artery, renal vein

ureter

one connected to each kidney; tube for urine flow from a kidney to the urinary bladder

renal artery

takes blood from the abdominal aorta to the kidneys

renal vein

carries blood away from the kidney to the caudal vena cava

renal capsule (sheep kidney)

envelopes the kidney

cortex (sheep kidney)

outer region of the kidney; where blood filtration occurs

medulla (sheep kidney)

inner region of the kidney; where the filtrate is converted into urine

renal pyramids (sheep kidney)

located in the medulla region; their bases are located next to the cortex, while the tips project into the renal pelvis

renal pelvis (sheep kidney)

compartment that collects urine and runnels it into ureter

urinary bladder

transiently stores urine until its eliminated from the body