BIO FINAL EXAM (Cumulative Portion)

Includes confirmed essay questions that will appear on the final, as well as questions answered from the outlines we were provided.

Describe the leaf and how it’s structure facilitates Photosynthesis. (35.18) GOOD ESSAY! (EDIT)

Dermal Tissue - Outer layer includes cuticle for protection, and guard-cell stomata combinations to selectively let certain nutrients and gases in including CO2 required for Photosynthesis to occur.

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Ground Tissue - spongy level, thick collenchyma support in middle of structure, and parenchyma mesophyll in middle layer that has tightly packed chloroplasts that utilize a high SA:V ratio for efficient capturing of light for photosynthesis

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Vascular Tissue - has xylem & phloem, xylem transports water required for photosynthesis and raw materials/nutrients around the plant, while phloem conducts sugars (products of photosynthesis), transports it throughout cell for an overall benefit

What are the key testable observations and two outcomes that comprise Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection? How do they relate to the concept of adaptation? Clearly state his theory. (ESSAY)

observations: traits are heritable, there is not enough resources to support population (competition is evident, not all will survive and reproduce), traits impact organism’s survival and reproduction. Relates to adaptation because only those with favored traits who adapted to their environment will be able to further survive, this is the theory of natural selection.

Outcomes: offspring act and or behave like parents (traits were passed), offspring better fit environment given respective pressures. Relates to adaptation because offpsring show evidence of having traits from parents that were better fit and adapted to their environment to survive.

Define Natural Selection

those in an environment who are best fit given their environmental pressures are more likely to survive and reproduce

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Fill in from bottom left to top right, then name species left to right

ancestral deuterostome, notochord, brain, head, vertebral column, jaws/mineralized skeleton, lung & lung derivatives, lobed fins, legs, amniotic egg, milk.

organisms: echinodermata, Urochordata, lancelets, hagfishes, lampreys, chondrichytes, ray-finned fishes, coelacanth, lungfishes, amphibians, reptiles, mammals

What are the major lines of support for evolution, before and after Darwin? (potential essay) (6 Before, 4 after)

Before: Malthus theory of overpopulation (Darwin used this to justify competition),

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Lamarke Baptiste incorrect hypothesis that traits gained throughout life are directly passed to offspring (darwin used this to develop natural selection over time theory),

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Linneaus Taxonomy and Aristotle Scala Naturai gave Darwin precedent to earth-being classifications,

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Hutton Lyell also helped Darwin see through uniformitarianism that formation of earth’s geographical features is done in processes seen today,

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artificial selection as humans could selectively pass down traits in an organism to future generations,

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Galapagos Island Voyage showed adaptations amongst different islands

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After: Drug Resistance by bacteria over time, and Guppies and finches adapting to their environments, molecular discovery, and homology.

What are domains? How do they improve classification?

domains are the highest level of classification for living organisms, groups them based on cellular structures. Provides more accurate representation of life on earth by providing a more specific evolutionary relationship that was generalized in the 5 kingdom system.

Relate Bacteria, Archea, Eukaryotes, and Protista, in the base of the tree of life.

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early divergence of tree of life: Bacteria, archaea, and then eukaryotes branched from archae, includes: protists, plants, animals, fungi

Define Cladistics

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classification of plants and animals depending on the amount of characteristics they share in common

What is the Biological Species concept?

(add what is a strength, and weakness of it?

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define species on the criteria of whether or not they can breed with each other and produce fertile offpsring

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strengths: defined, evolutionary base, gene pools and populations. Weaknesses: what is normal? This cannot be applied to asexual species (such as bacteria)

Name 1-9

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1. green plants
2. land plants
3. vascular plants
4. seed plants
5. angiosperms
6. gymnosperms
7. seedless vascular plants
8. nonvascular plants
9. green algae

Define Protostome

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animals where mouth develops from the first opening in developing embryo (blastopore). includes; arthopods, mollusks, annelids

Define Deuterostome

anus develops from blastopore, mouth from second opening. ex: echinoderms, chordates, etc

what is and role of blastula in animal development

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early stage in the development of animal embryo, divides fewer cells until gastrula is formed, hollow ball of cells

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role of gastrula in animal development

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next stage after blastula, begins tissue layer, a ball within a ball

Define Coelom

fluid filled body cavity surrounded by mesoderm tissue, provides space for internal organs to develop and move independently of the body wall

Bacteria characteristics (domain 1)

prokaryotic, lack nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Diverse and widespread compared to archaebacteria, can inhabit multiple environments.

Archae characteristics (domain 2)

prokaryotic, lack nucleus and membrane bound organelles, found in extreme environments, like hotsprings, salt flats, etc.

Eukaryotes characteristics (domain 3)

contain nucleus and membrane bound organelles, have a cytoskeleton. include: animals, plants, fungi, protists.

Protista characteristics (domain 4)

do not fit neat into any other category. include unicellular organisms: amoebas, paramecia. also multicellular organisms like seaweed and kelp. most diverse eukaryotic group

Define Synapomorphy

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shared derived characteristics

Define monophyly

a group that shares an ancestor and all of its descendant species

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5 synanyphmorphies/chordate characteristics (great essay)

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notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits or clefts, muscular post anal tail, thyroid

function of notochord

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basis for endoskeleton, flexible rod

function of dorsal hollow nerve cord

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extends length of the body throughout embryonic development

function of pharyngeal slits or clefts

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originally for filter feeding, modified into gill slits for respiration, becomes structures of head and neck for many vertebrates

function of muscular post anal tail

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chordates have tail extending beyond anus, some lose tail during development (like frogs and humans)

function of thyroid

found in neck of vertebrates, produces hormones for regulating metabolic processes in body

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What is the difference between a regulator and a conformer, what is the advantage of each?

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regulators control and maintain a constant internal temperature regardless of changing environment, while conformers allow internal body temperature to change in response to changing environment

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ADVANTAGE: regulators can live in a wide range of environments, but have to use a lot of energy for homeostasis. Conformers are more energy efficient, but can only live in limited environments

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Define Endotherm/Ectotherm. Homeotherm/Poikilotherm

Endotherm - body heat derived from metabolism

Ectotherm - body heat derived from environment

Homeotherm - body temperature remains constant

Poiklotherm - body temperature fluctuates with environment

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Distinguish between hibernation and torpor and their role in Energy Management.

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Hibernation is a long-term state of reduced metabolism and lowered body temperature that some animals enter during the winter months when food is scarce. Torpor, on the other hand, is a short-term state of reduced metabolism and body temperature that some animals enter during times when food is temporarily scarce, such as during the night.

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What are the terms associated with describing locations with each symmetry?

bilateral: Cephalization, left and right mirror images, dorsal, ventral. anterior, posterior, proximal, distal

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radial: oral, aboral, proximal, distal

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three tissue germ layers, and their organs

endoderm: gut, liver, lungs

mesoderm: skeleton, muscle, kidney, heart, blood

ectoderm: skin, nervous system

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What are the four major tissue types in animals?

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epithelial tissue: surface of body

connective tissue: supports and connects tissues and organs in body (bone, cartilage, blood)

Muscular Tissue: movement and mechanical work

nervous tissue: communication and coordination in body

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What are the Ancestors of Plants

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ancestral green algae, land plants, vascular plants, extant seed plants

3 major groups of bryophytes, what do they lack? and what is their significance?

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liverworts, mosses, hornworts

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lack true vascular tissues (depend on water) for reproduction, so they have a small size

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colonize sterile soil, absorb water and nutrients, and contribute to new soils for ecosystems to begin on

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Ferns are define by what they have (2)___________ and what they lack ___________ (1)

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vascular tissue and roots, seeds (use spores instead)

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What are the four groups of Fern like plants?

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Club Mosses, Ferns, Horsetails, Whisk Ferns

What are the four Major groups of gymnosperms?

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Cycadophyta, Gnetophyta, Ginkgophyta, coniferophyta

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What are the traits gymnosperms have that previous plant groups lack, what plant characteristics do they lack?

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They produce seeds that are naked (no protective ovary wall), and they lack pistils and stamens

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What is an Angiosperm?

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a plant that produces seeds within an enclosure- a fruiting plant

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What Shared Derived traits define Angiosperm?

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endosperm present within seeds, production of fruit that contains seeds

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Besides some “primitive groups” what are the two major groups of angiosperms

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monocots and dicots

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What are important animal milestones that are represented in the following groups, and what is common name: Porifera

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parazoans, 1 phylum, sponges, filter feeding

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What are important animal milestones that are represented in the following groups, and what is common name: cnidaria

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eumetazoans, diploblastic, have forms of polyp and medusa, include medusazoans (jellyfish), and anthozoans (coral and sea anemones)

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lophotrochozoans significance + what is it named for?

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most diverse animals, include: mollusks, segmented worms, flatworms, named from lophophore feeding structure, and trochophore larvae stage

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ecdysozoans significance + what is it named for?

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external cuticle or exoskeleton, three major groups: Nematoda, arthropoda, other phyla, most species rich group: crustaceans and insects. Ecdysis named for molting

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echinodermata

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spiny skin, 5 groups: sea stars (starfish), brittle stars, sea urchins/sand dollars, crinoids, sea cucumbers

Describe the basic relationship of the major invertebrate groups (Sponges, Cnidarians, Locotrocophores, Ecdysozoans and echinoderms) - what is the order of which they evolved (earliest to newest)?

sponges, cnidarians, locotrocophores, ecdysozoans, and echinoderms