Topic 4.8 - Jackson and Federal Power

Election of 1824 - The 5 candidates

1.John Q. Adams

2. John C. Calhoun

3. William H. Crawford

4.Henry Clay

5. Andrew Jackson

12th Amendment

Brought about by the Jefferson/Burr tie, this stated that electors would vote for president and vice-presidenti separately.

Corrupt Bargain

The presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect John Quincy Adams rather than Andrew Jackson.

Henry Clay

He was the Speaker of the House that convinced members of the House of Representatives to vote for John Quincy Adams during the Election of 1824.

subsidies

A grant or contribution of money, especially one made by a government.

subsidies

Monetary contributions given by the government to assist people or businesses.

Tariff of 1828 / Tariff of Abominations

Tariff passed by Congress that imposed very high duties on imports (between 30-60% on imported manufactured goods). Southerners protested because it increased the cost of the manufactured good they bought. It was passed to protect the interests of Northern manufacturers at the expense of Southern farmers.

Tariff of Abominations

Another name for the Tariff of 1828.

South Carolina Exposition and Protest

A pamphlet published by the South Carolina legislature, secretly written by John C. Calhoun, which spoke out against the "Tariff of 1828 / Tariff of Abominations"; the document also proposed possible nullification of the tariff. (although S.C. never did follow through on the nullification fo the Tariff of 1828 / Tariff of Abominations.

compact theory - state's rights view of the Constitution

idea that states can nullify laws they deem unconstitutional

compact theory

Another name for the state's rights theory.

state's rights theory

Another name for the compact theory.

nullify (nullification)

to declare invalid; when a state refuses to follow a federal law

Democratic Party

Political party formed by supporters of Andrew Jackson after the presidential election of 1824.

"Age / Era of the Common Man" / Jacksonian Democracy

Time period in which many new people could vote and these new voters related to Andrew Jackson and his views.

"Age / Era of the Common Man" / Jacksonian Democracy

The idea that the people of average wealth and education should be elected to government offices.

spoils system / patronage

Giving government positions / jobs to political party supporters

spoils system / patronage

The winning party awards supporters with jobs in the government.

Kitchen Cabinet

A small group of Andrew Jackson's friends and advisors who were especially influential in the first years of his presidency. Jackson conferred with them instead of his regular cabinet.

veto power

The formal, constitutional authority of the president to reject bills passed by both houses of Congress, thus preventing them from becoming law.

Maysville Road veto

Internal improvement that was vetoed by Jackson on the belief that federal government funds should not only benefit one state.

Webster - Hayne debate

Argument that took place in the Senate that focused on sectionalism and nullification of federal laws.

Webster - Hayne debate

Debate focused on whether the union (the country / the U.S.A.) gets its power from the states or if the federal government has the superior power.

Tariff of 1832

A tariff imposed by Jackson which was unpopular in the South; South Carolina nullified the tariff.

South Carolina's "Act of Nullification"

South Carolina passing a state law which refused to follow the Tariff of 1832.

Nullification Crisis

Argument between South Carolina and the federal government regarding the role of national government

KY / VA Resolutions

South Carolina nullifying the Tariff of 1832 is similar to what other refusal to follow federal laws that were passed during John Adams' presidency.

Force Bill

Law passed by Congress and signed by President Jackson that authorized the use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariff of 1832 and require South Carolina's to obey the tariff.

Tariff of 1833

Decreased tariffs by about 10% over a period of eight years until they matched the levels of the Tariff of 1816.

Compromise Tariff

Another name for the Tariff of 1833.

Henry Clay

Who had the nickname the Great Compromiser?

Henry Clay

He drew up the Tariff of 1833.

Pet Banks

State banks where Andrew Jackson placed the deposits removed from the 2nd B.U.S.

Specie Circular

Law issued by Jackson required land to be purchased in either gold or silver.

Panic of 1837

Economic depression that was caused by Specie Circular and the loaning of large amounts of money from state banks that had been given funds from the 2nd B.U.S.; cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

1. B.U.S.

2. higher tariffs

3. strong active role of the federal government

4. federal government should pay for internal improvments

What were the foundational beliefs of the Whig Party?

Log Cabin and Hard Cider

Campaign slogan by Whig candidate William Henry Harrison that portrayed him as a rough and rugged man of the West.

5 civilized tribes of the old southwest

Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Seminoles

1830 Indian Removal Act

Signed into law by President Jackson, it resulted in the removal of 45,000 Indians from the American Southeast and Southwest.

Black Hawk War

Occurred in the upper Mississippi refused to move from the rich farmland in Western Illinois Jackson sent troops to expel them.

Worcester v Georgia (1832)

Supreme court decision that stated the Cherokee were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty; President Jackson ignored the SCOTUS ruling.

Treaty of Echota / Treaty of New Echota (1836)

Treaty signed by only a few Cherokee leaders, the Cherokee agreed to give up all Cherokee land east of the Mississippi.

Trail of Tears to Oklahoma (1838)

Forced removal of the Cherokee to Oklahoma; most traveled on foot, 1/4 of Cherokee died along the way.