intro to soc - FINAL cumulative questions (all modules)

Which social theorist focused on historical materialism and discussed capitalism as a conflict between capitalists and workers?

Karl Marx

Which social theorist addressed the importance of ideas, culture, and religion and wrote a famous study titled The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism?

Max Weber

Which social theorist looked at how society holds together, discussed anomie, and wrote a famous study titled Suicide?

Emile Durkheim

Which sociological theory is a micro-level theory that examines how shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivation behind people’s actions?

Symbolic Interactionism

__ is a term coined by C.Wright Mills and refers to the ability to connect the most basic, intimate aspects of an individual’s life to seemingly impersonal and remote historical forces.

Sociological imagination

Which theory, developed by Erving Goffman, view social life as a theatrical performance consisting of props, scripts, performances and focuses on impression management?

Dramaturgical Theory

___ culture is everything that is part of our constructed environment, including technology; whereas ___ culture consists of values, beliefs, behaviors, and social norms

material culture; non-material culture

__ are methods that seek to obtain information about the social world that is already in, or can be converted to, numeric form.

Quantitative Methods

___ are methods that attempt to collect information about the social world that cannot be readily converted to numeric form.

Qualitative Methods

the ___ variable (also known as the cause) is a measured fact that the researcher believes has a causal impact on the ___ variable, or the outcome that the researcher is trying to explain (also known as the effect).

independent variable; dependent variable

__ refers to the process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as a member of that society.

Socialization

Which of the following was NOT presented as an agent of socialization?

all are agents of socialization

Sally is a college student and employee at Starbucks. The night before an exam, Sally’s boss asks her to work late. Sally is likely to experience ____ due to contradictions of her different roles associated with being a student and an employee.

role conflict

__ refers to the belief that one’s own culture or group is superior to others and the tendency to view all other cultures from the perspective of one’s own.

ethnocentrism

___ denotes a social position, the set of social arrangements that are built around ____, the natural or biological differences that distinguish males from females.

gender; sex

___ refers to arguments explaining social phenomena in terms of natural, biological, or evolutionary inevitabilities.

Essentialism

__ refers to a consciousness-raising movement based on the idea that women and men should be accorded equal opportunities and a chief goal of getting people to understand that gender is an organizing principle of life.

feminism

Which theory of gender inequality examines how gender is a process in which people participate with every social interaction they have, focusing on how in “doing gender” people contribute to, reaffirm, and reproduce gender inequality?

Symbolic Interactionism

The sociological approach to the social construction of _____ examines variation in what is considered “normal” sexual behavior and different patterns through history and across cultures.

sexuality

___refers to an invisible lid on women’s climb up the employment ladder; whereas _ refers to the promotional ride men take to the top of a work organization, especially in feminized jobs.

Glass Ceiling; Glass Escalator

_ refers to a form of discrimination that is illegal and involves everything from inappropriate jokes on the job to outright sexual assault to sexual “barter.”

Sexual Harassment

TRUE or FALSE: Race is NOT a social construction because it is natural or biological.

False

__ refers to the formation of a new racial identity, in which new ideological boundaries of difference are drawn around a formerly unnoticed group of people.

Racialization

___ is externally imposed, involuntary, usually based on physical differences, hierarchical, exclusive, and unequal; whereas ____ is voluntary, self-defined, nonhierarchical, fluid and multiple, cultural, and planar.

Race; Ethnicity

___ refers to negative thoughts and feelings about an ethnic or racial group; whereas __ refers to harmful or negative acts against people deemed inferior on the basis of their racial category without regard to their individual merit.

Prejudice; Discrimination

Which equality ideology claims that everyone must end up with the same amount regardless of the fairness of the “game” with a focus on the distribution of resources.

Equality of Outcome

___ refers to an economically based system of stratification characterized by relative categorization and somewhat loose social mobility.

Class System

___ refers to money received by a person for work or from returns on investments; whereas _ refers to a family’s or individual’s net worth (total assets minus total debts).

Income; Wealth

__ refers to mobility that is inevitable from changes in the economy.

Structural Mobility

TRUE or FALSE: Income inequality has been increasing but wealth inequality has been decreasing.

False

___ refers to the point at which a household’s income falls below the necessary level to purchase food to physically sustain its members; whereas __ is a measurement of poverty based on a percentage of the median income in a given location.

Absolute Poverty; Relative Poverty

TRUE or FALSE: The U.S. has lower poverty rates and less inequality compared to other developed nations.

False

Which costs are used to calculate the official poverty line in the United States?

food costs

___ solidarity has social cohesion based on sameness; whereas ____ solidarity has social cohesion based on difference and interdependent parts.

Mechanical Solidarity; Organic Solidarity

__ refers to those mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals.

Social Control

Which theory of deviance explains how social context and social cues of disorder impact whether individuals act deviantly and examines whether local, informal social norms allow such acts.

Broken Windows Theory

___ crime is committed in public and often associated with violence, gangs, and poverty; whereas ____ crime is committed by a professional agent against a corporation, agency, or other business.

Street Crime; White-Collar Crime

__ refers to a negative social label that not only changes your behavior toward a person, but also alters that person’s own self-concept and social identity.

Stigma

TRUE or FALSE: In the U.S. criminal justice system, generally there has been a shift toward an emphasis on punishment leading to a contemporary era of mass incarceration.

True

___ is an economic system in which property and goods are owned privately; investments are determined by private decisions; and prices, production, and distribution of goods are primarily determined by competition in a free market.

capitalism

__ is an economic system in which most or all the needs of the population are provided through nonmarket methods of distribution.

socialism

TRUE or FALSE: In comparison to many other industrialized countries, Americans work fewer hours and have more vacation benefits and better family leave policies.

False

TRUE or FALSE: Since the 1950s, unionization in the U.S. has been rapidly increasing.

False

__ is interested in the ways scientific communities study the objects of their research, the ways science changes how we live and interact with each other, and the unexpected consequences of scientific discoveries.

Sociology of Science

__ refers to work done on the border between legitimate and nonlegitmate science within a specific scientific discipline or between different scientific disciplines.

Boundary Work

__ refers to how sociologists research the effects of the social world and the natural world on each other.

Sociology of the Environment

___ refers to the process by which problems or issues not traditionally seen as medical come to be framed as such.

Medicalization

TRUE or FALSE: Married people, especially married men, tend to live shorter than unmarried people.

False

According to your textbook and lecture, what is the leading killer worldwide?

Waterborne Illnesses

__ refers to the justifiable right to exercise power.

Authority