Need to Know Unit 3

English Bill of Rights (1689)

A law that limited the monarchy's power, affirmed parliamentary sovereignty, and guaranteed civil liberties.

Stuarts

A royal family that ruled England from 1603 to 1714, known for conflicts with Parliament.

Popish Plot (1678)

A fabricated conspiracy alleging a Catholic plot to assassinate King Charles II.

Tories

A political faction in Britain that supported the monarchy and traditional institutions.

Whigs

A political faction that advocated for parliamentary power and constitutional government.

Charles II (1630–1685)

King of England known for restoring the monarchy after the Civil War.

James II (1633–1701)

King of England deposed in the Glorious Revolution due to pro-Catholic policies.

William and Mary (1689–1702)

Joint monarchs who strengthened parliamentary power following the Glorious Revolution.

Oliver Cromwell (1599–1658)

Leader of the Parliamentarian forces during the English Civil War.

Constitutional Monarchy

A system where the monarch's powers are limited by law, sharing power with elected representatives.

Test Act (1673)

English law requiring government officials to deny Catholic beliefs.

Governments of the Netherlands

A decentralized republic led by elected officials.

Louis XIV (1643–1715) / Sun King

King of France known for his absolute monarchy and centralization of power.

Cardinal Richelieu (1585–1642)

Chief minister who strengthened royal authority in France.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619–1683)

French finance minister known for mercantilism policies under Louis XIV.

Count of Olivares (1587–1645)

Spanish nobleman and chief minister known for his foreign policies.

War of Spanish Succession (1701–1714)

European conflict over the Spanish throne, ending with the Treaty of Utrecht.

Peter the Great (1672–1725)

Tsar of Russia who modernized the country and expanded its territory.

Suleiman the Magnificent (1494–1566)

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire known for military conquests and reforms.

Amsterdam

Capital of the Netherlands, a major financial hub during the 17th century.

Sweden

A powerful kingdom in the 17th century known for its military strength.

Hannover Dynasty

German royal family that ruled Britain from 1714 to 1901.

Dutch East Indies

Colonial trading area controlled by the Netherlands for trade.

Habsburgs

A powerful European dynasty known for strategic marriages.

Prussia

A German kingdom known for military strength and discipline.

Balance of Power

A political theory preventing any one nation from dominating others.

The Dutch Golden Age

A period of economic and cultural achievements in the 17th century Netherlands.

The Dutch Revolts (1568–1648)

Conflicts in which the Dutch fought for independence from Spanish rule.

Results of the Thirty Years’ War

Devastated Europe, emphasizing the recognition of religious freedoms.

The Fronde

French civil wars led by nobles opposing centralizing policies of Louis XIV.

The Junkers

Landed aristocracy in Prussia, significant in military and political power.

St. Petersburg

City founded by Peter the Great, symbolizing Westernization in Russia.

Absolute Monarchy in France

A system where the king held total control over government.

Intendants

Royal officials appointed by Louis XIV in France to enforce policies.

Philip II of Spain

King known for efforts to expand Spanish influence and the failed Armada.

Economic Decline of Spain

Caused by military overextension and mismanagement in the 17th century.

James I of England

King who struggled with Parliament leading to tensions and conflicts.

English Civil War (1642–1651)

Conflict between Royalists and Parliamentarians resulting in king's execution.

Results of the War of Spanish Succession

Treaty of Utrecht limited Bourbon dominance and redistributed territories.

Frederick William

The Great Elector of Brandenburg-Prussia, who centralized power.

Glorious Revolution (1688)

The peaceful overthrow of King James II by William of Orange.

English Government from 1688–1715

Marked by the rise of constitutional monarchy after the Glorious Revolution.