Ap euro ID Quiz

Napoleon III

Napoleon III

(r. 1852- 1870) Become France's first president under universal suffrage for men in 1848. Seized power in 1851 via coup d' état and became dictator of second French empire after legislative assembly refused to amend the constitution to allow him another term. Leads period of economic growth: rebuilt Paris, extends French power overseas (Crimean War, war for Italian unification), Losses through involvement in Mexico and Franco-Prussian war. Went into exile.

Baron Haussmann

the administrator of the plan Napoleon III launched to modernize and beautify the city of Paris; 1860s; boulevards, street cars, tore down slums.

Also widened the streets in order to prevent future uprisings using barricades, and also allowed for an easier mobility of French forces.

Legislative Corps

A government body elected by universal male suffrage that gave the sense that France had representatives aiding in the running of the government, but in reality they had almost no power (during reign of Napoleon III)

The Crimean War

A conflict between Russia and the Ottoman Empire; began with the Ottoman government's refusal to allow Russia the right to protect Christian shrines in Palestine. Britain and France, fearful of Russian ambition and aggression, declared war on Russia the following year. Although Russia was eventually defeated, the war proved costly to both sides. As a result of the conflict, the Concert of Europe was effectively destroyed.

France had fought with the British and the Ottoman Empire against Russia in an attempt to prevent Russia from gaining access to warm water ports. When Russia had placed its navy in the Black Sea, France and Britain both thought this would lead to an imbalance of power in Europe by allowing Russia to advance its imperialist goals. The Ottoman Empire still controlled the Bosporus and Dardanelles Straights and Constantinople that separated the Black Sea from the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas. Alone, the Ottoman's might have lost to the increasingly strong military of the Romanov Czar Nicholas I. For this reason they entered the costly and deathly Crimean War. Russia lost this war, however, France and Britain won little except short-term glory. The price of the war was not worth it in the long run.

Archduke Maximilian of Austria

With the support of French troops, he was named by Napoleon III as the Emperor of Mexico. Events in Europe forced Napoleon to withdraw French forces from Mexico, and without military support, he was overthrown and executed by liberal forces.

Battle of Balaklava

600 troops of the British Light Brigade were ordered into battle by incompetent and confused commanders. There was massive bloodshed

Florence Nightingale

English nurse remembered for her work during the Crimean War (1820-1910). Est 1st nursing school. Est. Standards for hospitals. Est. nursing education, made nursing a respectable occupation for women.

Count Camillo di Cavour

Architect of Italian unification in 1858; formed an alliance with France to attack Austrian control of Northern Italy; resulted in creation of constitutional monarchy under Piedmontese king.

Victor Emmanuel II

King of Piedmont, Savoy, and Sardinia. Eventually became first king of a united Italy. Led the north in Italian unification and united with Garibaldi's south in 1861. Drove the pope into the Vatican city, and eventually made Rome the capital of Italy.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

(1807-82) An Italian radical who emerged as a powerful independent force in Italian politics. He planned to liberate the Two Kingdoms of Sicily. He led an army of thousands called the red coats

Austro-Prussian War of 1866

Engineered by Bismarck as part of his master plan to unify Germany under the Prussian monarchy. Prussian troops suprised and overwhelmed a larger Austrian force, winning victory in only seven weeks. The result was the Austria was expelled from the old German Confederation and a new North German Confederation, completly under the control of Prussia was created.

Zollverein

A German customs union founded to increase trade and stimulate revenues of its members

King William I of Prussia

The king of Prussia from 1861-1888. He opposed the Prussian assembly's desires to control his army, and chose Bismarck as the chancellor of Prussia to help him out.

Count Otto von Bismarck

Prussian prime minister under King William I; practioner of "Realpolitik", largely ignored Parliament; engaged in an active foreign policy, waging war against Denmark, Austria, and France in order to create a unified German empire; used nationalism to win support his objectives.

Realpolitik

"The politics of reality"; used to describe the tough, practical politics in which idealism and romanticism play no part. Otto von Bismarck and Camillo Benso di Cavour were the leading practitioners of realpolitik. Ends justify the means.

The Danish War

Organized by Bismarck in1864, austria and prussia declare war on denmark after the king tried to annex duchies of schleswig and holstein; conflict over how to deal with duchies led to war with russia

The Franco-Prussian War

The final step in German unification. Bismarck initiated war with France to suppress their opposition to a unified German state. The German badly defeated the French, after which they declared unification in the Hall of Mirrors in Versailles. France was given an extremely harsh peace settlement.

Compromise of 1867 (Ausgleich)

The Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph's attempt, in 1866, to deal with the demands for greater autonomy from the ethnic minorItles within the Hapsburg Empire. The compromise set up a dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary, where Franz Joseph served as the ruler of both Austria and Hungary, each of which had its own parliament.

Emperor Francis Joseph

Emperor of Austria and king of Hungary; was defeated by Napoleon III at the battle of Magenta

Tsar Alexander II

Abolished serfdom, but changes were very limited, Some land was taken from the nobles to give to the peasants. Peasants were obligated to pay for the land, but did not own it. Did not bring real reform (Emancipation of Serfs) Students are angry and want more reforms, and assasinate him.

Mir

Village Commune

zemstovs

Local governments in Russia, which created elected district assemblies created to deal with local issues of health, education, and wefare in the wake of serf emancipation but remained subordinate to Tsarist authority

populism

aim was to create a new society through the revolutionary acts of the peasants. coined by Alexander Herzen

Alexander Herzen

1864, lead the populist movement that believed that peasants should initiate the reform, peasants not enthusiastic enough to initiate the revolts though. Wrote The Bell.

The Victorian Age

England (1830-mid 19th Century) Queen Victoria reign. Inspired by Industrial Revolution. social/economic changes, middle class, pseudoscience, novels, newspapers. Prudish and mannerly with erotic undercurrent from the Romantic Era. Realistic: social life, plots. Lewis Carroll: Alice's Adventures in Wonderland: satire of celebrities and morals. Charles Dickens: psycho-social undertone.

The People's Will

a Russian terrorist organization, best known for the successful assassination of Tsar Alexander II of Russia. It created a centralized, well disguised, and most significant organization in a time of diverse liberation movements in Russia.

Benjamin Disraeli

1804-1881 Leader of the British Tory Party who engineered the Reform Bill of 1867 which extended the franchise to the working class. Tories less sensitive to pressure from manufacturing class therefore made more reforms in labor conditions - mines, factories and housing. Note special relationship with Queen Victoria.

The Reform Act of 1867

This legislation lowered the property qualifications for voting in Britain, granting the franchise to shopkeepers, clerks, and urban workers, doubling the size of the electorate

William Gladstone

One of Britain's great liberal leaders, he favored expanding political rights for British men. He served several times during the mid to late 1800s. He was prime minister and passed a series of impressive reforms.

The Education Act of 1870

The most momentous measure of Gladstone's first ministry; the government assumed the responsibility for establishing and running elementary schools.

The Dominion of Canada

Canada became an independent nation with its own constitution in 1867.

Joint-stock investment bank

a bank created by selling shares of stock to investors. Such banks potentially have access to much more capital than do private banks owned by one or a few individuals.

Karl Marx

19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society. Author of the Communist Manifesto

Friedrich Engels

Another German communist who aided Marx in writing The Communist Manifesto; German social scientist, author, political theorist, philosopher, and father of communist theory, alongside Karl Marx.

wage slavery

occurred during the industrial capitalism stage, it forced workers to work for next to no money, essentially creating a modern slave. Coined by Engels.

Proletariat

Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production. They would eventually rise up and overthrow their bourgeois masters.

International Working Men's Association

formed in London. It was intended to be an international alliance of workers dedicated to the overthrow of capitalism.

Realism

This was the new style of literature that focused on the daily lives and adventures of a common person. This style was a response to Romanticism's supernaturalism and over-emphasis on emotion

materialism

the belief that everything mental, spiritual or ideal was simply a result of physical forces.

Charles Darwin

1809-1882 English naturalist and scientist whose theory of evolution through natural selection was first published in 'On The Origin of the Species" in 1859.

Natural Selection

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

Organic Evolution

the principle set forth by Darwin that every plant or animal has evolved, or changed, over a long period of time from earlier, simpler forms of life to more complex forms

Louis Pasteur

A French chemist, this man discovered that heat could kill bacteria that otherwise spoiled liquids including milk, wine, and beer.

pasteurization

A process of heating food to a temperature that is high enough to kill most harmful bacteria without changing the taste of the food

Joseph Lister

English surgeon who was the first to use antiseptics (1827-1912)

Gustave Flaubert

French author; Madame Bovary---first major realist novel.

The New German School

a group of composers who pursued the principles and the stylistic tendencies of post Romantic music - Liszt and Wagner - founders; Wagner, Liszt