History Final #1

Launching a New Nation

George Washington

First president of the United States, responsible for making many critical decisions alongside congress to be able to raise revenue and defend the country

Thomas Jefferson

Washington's secretary of state; disagreed frequently with Hamilton; resigned over attacks of being "radical;" became president after Adams

Alexander Hamilton

Washington's Secretary of the Treasury; disagreed with Jefferson; proposed National Bank

Henry Knox

Washington's Secretary of War

James Madison

Secretary of State under Jefferson; elected President in 1808; dealt with War of 1812

John Adams

Second president; had to navigate crisis with France

Citizen Genet

French diplomat sent to US→ recruited Americans for war effort, violating neutrality; couldn't return to France

Judiciary Act of 1789

Law provided for the Supreme Court consisting of a Chief Justice and 5 associate justices. Set up 3 federal circuit courts and 13 federal district courts. Allowed state court decisions to be appealed to a federal court when constitutional issues are raised. Federal laws guaranteed to be "the supreme law of the land"

Alien and Sedition Acts

A- raised residence requirements to 14 years; Pres. could deport undesirable individuals

S- fines/jail imposed on those that spoke out against the government

*both in response to French threat

Embargo Act of 1807

Ban on exporting goods to other countries; ended up hurting US more than Britain

Jay's Treaty

Treaty with Britain; Britain had to evacuate Northwest Territory but could keep fur trade at US-Canada Border

Pickney's Treaty

Treaty of San Lorenzo; Spain gave up all claims to the land east of the Mississippi river except Florida; traders could use Port of New Orleans; Mississippi river open for trade

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Principle of nullification; viewed Alien and Sedition Acts as unconstitutional (first amendment)

Treaty of Ghent

Ended War of 1812

Marbury v. Madison

Background- Adams tried to appoint "midnight judges" as his presidency was ending; a judge never received papers and there was a refusal to appoint him; determined that the provision was unconstitutional and set precedent for judicial review

Cabinet

The chief advisors of the President

Federalist beliefs

Strong central government led by elite; industry and commerce are key; largely supported by North; loose interpretation of the constitution; national bank; supports merchants, landowners, investors, clergy, lawyers

Democratic-Republican Beliefs

Strong state and local governments led by masses; farmer-citizens and "plain people" should have an important role; largely supported by South and West; fear absolute power; no national bank

Hamilton's economic plan

Realizing that the US had significant debts to pay following the revolution, proposed that the federal government should assume the debts of the states

Whiskey rebellion

Hamilton put tax on whiskey manufacturing→ people became furious→ refused to pay → Hamilton called in militiamen in a show of government force

Election of 1800

Jefferson v. Adams; won by Jefferson with Hamilton's support

Judicial review

Ability for the Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional

XYZ affair

An arrangement was made to meet with French foreign minister to avoid war, but low level officials "X," "Y," and "Z" were sent instead asking for money to meet with the foreign minister. Caused anti-French sentiment in the US.

impressment

Seizing Americans at sea and drafting them into the British navy

Causes of the war of 1812

Concerns that Britain was stopping American trade and hurting the economy

Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.