OPT 116: Biochemistry Lipids II Vitamins Minerals

derived lipids

derived from hydrolysis of simple/complex lipids; possess the characteristics of lipids (hydrophobicity)

steroids

steroid core + side chains (make each one unique)

steroid core

4 fused rings

sterols

examples of steroids

hydroxyl group

The side chain of a sterol is a ______________________

cholesterol

most common sterol; precursor to steroid hormones and bile salts

glycine; taurine; water; chemical salts

To turn a bile acid into a bile salt the acid must be conjugated with __________ or __________. This reaction produces _________ and ____________________

gallbladder; dietary lipids; vitamins A, D, E, K

Bile salts are stored in the _________________. Functions of bile salts include digestion of __________ ________ (emulsification) and absorption of fat soluble __________________________

mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex steroids, vitamin D (have some true steroid characteristics)

type of steroid hormones

mineralocorticoids

corticosterone, aldosterone

glucocorticoids

cortisol

sex steroids

progesterone, testosterone, estrogen

unsaturated; pentahydrocarbons

Isoprenoids have isoprene subunits which are ________________ and ____________________________

fat soluble vitamins A, E, K

examples of isoprenoids

eicosanoids

derived from arachidonic acid

prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes

examples of eicosanoids

mineralocorticoids

regulate water and salt balance

glucocorticoids

regulate stress management and decrease inflammation

minerals

inorganic substances required by the body to sustain life; obtained through your diet (obtain from both plant and animal products)

inorganic

not made by living things

larger

Some minerals are needed in ________ amount than others. (macrominerals vs micro or trace minerals) Your body uses minerals for many different jobs

not larger

Macrominerals are ___________________ in size than microminerals

macrominerals

calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium

micromineral

chromium, copper, iodine, iron, selenium, zinc

calcium (Ca+2)

bone and teeth formation; muscle contraction; nervous system function; hormone secretion

chloride (Cl-)

fluid balance; nervous system function

magnesium (Mg+2)

blood pressure regulation

phosphorus

bone formation; formation of ATP; hormone activation

potassium (K+)

fluid balance; blood pressure regulation; nervous system function

sodium (Na+)

fluid balance; blood pressure regulation; muscle contraction; nervous system function

chromium

insulin function; protein, lipid, and carb metabolism

copper

antioxidant; bone formation; RBC formation; collagen and connective tissue formation; energy production; iron metabolism; nervous system function

iodine

growth and development; reproduction; thyroid hormone production

iron

growth and development; energy production; immune function; hemoglobin formation; reproduction; wound healing

selenium

antioxidant; immune function; reproduction; thyroid function

zinc

antioxidant; growth and development; immune function; protein formation; nervous system function; reproduction; wound healing; taste and smell

chromium deficiency effects

abnormal glucose metabolism

copper deficiency effects

anemia, low WBC count

iodine deficiency effects

goiter, cretinism

iron deficiency effects

anemia, weakness, headaches, reduced immunity

selenium deficiency effects

weak immune system; greater incidence of cancer

zinc deficiency effects

failure to grow (kids), dermatitis, poor healing, impaired sense of smell and taste

vitamins

organic substances required by the body to sustain life (made by plants and animals, which are then eaten eaten by humans) ; obtained through your diet (obtain vitamins from both plant and animal products)

coenzymes

Most vitamins function as ______________

D; K

The body can synthesize vitamins ___ and ___, but not in adequate amounts

coenzymes

organic molecules that are required by certain enzymes to carry out catalysis

A, D, E, K

fat soluble vitamins

Vitamin A

Vision; immunity; reproduction and growth

Vitamin A Deficiency Effects

Night blindness, dry eye/skin, infections, stunted growth

vitamin A

retinol, retinal, retinoic acid

Vitamin D

Bone growth and maintenance; absorption of calcium

Vitamin D deficiency effects

Rickets, osteomalacia

vitamin D

cholecalciferol

Vitamin E

Antioxidant

Vitamin E deficiency effects

Anemia, impaired immune system

vitamin E

tocopherol

Vitamin K

Blood clotting; bone health

Vitamin K Deficiency Effects

hemorrhage

B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12, C

water-soluble vitamins

Vitamin B1

Carb metabolism; Muscle contraction; Nerve function

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

carb metabolism; corneal-cross linking

Vitamin B3

niacin

Vitamin B5

Pantothenic acid

Vitamin B6

Pyridoxine

Vitamin B6 Deficiency

Scaly dermatitis, anemia, convulsions

Vitamin B7

Biotin

Vitamin B9

Folate, Folic acid

Vitamin B9 (Folate, folic acid)

DNA synthesis; Activates B12

Vitamin B9 (Folate, Folic Acid) Deficiency Effects

anemia, birth defects

vitamin B12

cobalamin

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

protein, fat, and carb metabolism; DNA synthesis; myelin synthesis; RBC formation

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Deficiency Effects

anemia, irreversible nerve damage and paralysis

Vitamin C

ascorbic acid

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

antioxidant; collagen synthesis; immune function

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Deficiency Effects

scurvy

rhodopsin

the pigment in rod cells that causes light sensitivity

organic

contains carbon