Physiology Lecture Exam 5 Practice Questions

Flashcards for review of Renal and Digestive Physiology and Male & Female Reproductive System

Kidney Function

Filters blood plasma, regulates blood pressure, secretes Renin and Erythropoietin

Nephron

Functional unit in the kidney that filters plasma and makes urine

Podocytes

Located in the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule. Function as filtration barrier

Cortical Nephron

Located in cortex. Filters blood and makes urine

Juxtamedullary Nephron

Located in the medullary region. Henle extends deep and makes concentrated Urine. Also filters blood.

Peritubular capillaries

Absorbing important components and secreting waste in Tubule. Located around PCT AND DCT

Vasa Recta

Absorbs important components and secrete waste in tubule located in Nephron Loop

PCT Absorption

Absorbs 65% water , 65% salt/electrolytes, 100% glucose, Aminos, sugars. Descending limb has Aquaporin channel type 1(AQP1)

Waste Secretion into Tubules

Drugs, Urea are secreted into tubules from capillaries

DCT Reabsorption

DCT reabsorbs remaining water and salt if needed with ADH and Aldosterone, utilizing Aquaporin channel type 2 (AQP2)

Glomerular Blood Hydrostatic pressure (GBHP)

Pressure exerted by blood on the glomerus/capillaries

Capsular Hydrostatic pressure

OPPOSING pressure exerted by the ultra-filtrate in capsular space against the glomerulus

Blood Colloid Osmotic pressure

Pressure excreted by proteins (albumin) against the glomerus

Descending loop of Henle

Absorbs water

Ascending loop of Henle

Absorbs(electrolytes) NaCl. NKCC transporter via ATP Hydrolysis

Countercurrent multiplication system

The descending limb does passive water loss by osmosis. The ascending limb does active salt(elecrolytes) pumping by NKCC. Together, they create and maintain the medullary osmotic gradient.300 mOsm

ADH production

Posterior Pituitary gland

Renin

Secreted by Juxtaglomerular cells found in kidney. Activated when blood pressure is too low or salt. Activates angiotensin produced by liver

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Located in the Kidney near DCT. Regulate blood pressure, Blood volume and sodium balance using RENIN.

Angiotensin I

Vasoconstrictor but very weak.

Angiotensin II

A stronger vasoconstrictor; targets arterioles to increase blood pressure and activate aldosterone.

ACE

Angiotensin Catalyze Enzyme; will further convert Angiotensinogen I into Angiotensinogen II.

Atrial Natriuretic peptide(ANP)

Made by Atrial cells in heart. It will decrease blood pressure and maintain salt.

Normal molecules excreted in urine

Urea, NACl, KCl, creatine, Uric acid, phosphates, sulfates, traces of calcium, trace of bilirubin

Abnormal molecules found in urine

Glucose,free hemoglobin , albumin, ketones, bile pigments

Casts and Crystals

Casts are organic cylindrical aggregates made up of proteins and fats and Crystals are inorganic compounds

Mechanical Digestion

Physical breakdown of food involving teeth stomach and cation digestive enzymes

Chemical Digestion

Hydrolysis breaks macromolecule to monomers.Digestive enzymes are produced by salivary glands, stomach ,pancreas and small intestine.

Saliva Components

Salivary amylase, Lingual lipase, Mucus, Lysozyme, Immunoglobulin A and Electrolytes

Salivary amylase

Begins starch digestion

Lingual lipase

Digests fat after food swallowed

Interstitial cells of Cajal

Smooth muscle cells that CAJAL stimulate smooth muscle in GI tract and Acetylcholine binds to receptors for smooth muscle contraction.

Cells found in the mucosal lining of the stomach

Mucous neck cells, Gastric stem cells, Chief cells, Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells, G-cells and D-cells

Chemicals secreted by Parietal cells

Gastrin, Histamine and ACh

Bile

Produced in the liver and stored in the Gall bladder

Bile Function

Dilute stomach content, balance pH for pancreatic enzymes; Bile salts for fat/lipid emulsification

Secretin and Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Secreted by Enteroendocrine cells

Enteric Nervous System (ENS)

Submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus regulates glandular secretions and blood flow. Myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus controls motility

Neuronal Networks Regulating Digestion

Parasympathetic (Vagus nerve) stimulates digestion, Sympathetic inhibits digestion

Enterocytes

Absorb nutrients; produce brush border enzymes

Goblet Cells

Secrete mucus for lubrication/protection

Paneth Cells

Secrete antimicrobial peptides (e.g., lysozyme)

Brush Border Enzymes

Maltase, Sucrase, Lactase, Peptidases and Nucleotidases

Pancreas

Exocrine Function secretes digestive enzymes and Endocrine Function produces insulin, glucagon, somatostatin

Digestive Enzymes

Amylase, Pepsin, Trypsin/Chymotrypsin, Lipase, Lactase/Sucrase/Maltase and Nucleases

Duodenum

Receives chyme, pancreatic juice, and bile; major site of digestion

Jejunum

Main site for nutrient absorption

Ileum

Absorbs bile salts, vitamin B12, and remaining nutrients; Peyer’s patches for immunity

TDF gene

Expressed on the Y chromosome; leads to Wolffian duct for male

GnRH

Located in hypothalamus and stimulates Anterior Pituitary to target Sertoli and Leydig cells of testes

FSH

Stimulates Sertoli cells to regulate spermatogenesis

LH

Stimulates Leydig(Interstitial cells) to release testosterone

Male accessory glands

Seninal vesicles, Prostates gland and Bulbourethal glands

Male Ducts

Epididymis duct, Vas deferens/ ductus deferens and Ejaculatory duct

Nitric oxide (NO)

Activates G couple receptor, Glu cycle and cGMP to close calcium channels

Ovarian cortex

Germ cells develop

Follicular phase

From Day 1 to 13; FSH stimulates follicle cells

Luteal Phase

Corpus Luteum (15-28 days) secrets hormones (estrogen, progestrone) for pregnancy

Zona pellucida

A glycoprotein-rich layer surrounding the oocyte; it protects the egg and is essential for sperm binding

GnRH

Stimulates release of FSH

LH

Stimulates theca cells to produce androgens

Corpus Luteum

Secretes high progesterone and some estrogen

Arrest Stage of Primary Oocyte in Primary Follicle

Prophase I of Meiosis I

Graafian follicle

A mature tertiary follicle ready for ovulation; contains a secondary oocyte arrested in metaphase II

Hormone at Peak Before Ovulation

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Corpus Luteum

A temporary endocrine structure formed from the ruptured follicle after ovulation

Hormones Preparing/Thickening Endometrium

Estrogen (proliferation) and Progesterone (maintains)

Arrest Stage of Mature Egg/Ovum

Metaphase II of Meiosis II, completed only upon fertilization

Part of Blastocyst Becoming Fetus

Inner Cell Mass (ICM)

Aromatase

Converts androgens (from theca cells) into estrogen (in granulosa cells)

Estrogen-Secreting Cells

Granulosa cells (in follicles)

Progesterone-Secreting Cells

Corpus luteum, and later the placenta during pregnancy

Oxytocin

Stimulates uterine contractions (myometrium)

Prolactin

Stimulates milk production

Acrosome

Contains enzymes to digest the zona pellucida for sperm penetration

Fast block to Polyspermy

Na⁺ influx → membrane depolarization

Slow block to Polyspermy

Ca²⁺ influx → cortical granule release → zona hardens

Hormone Tested in Pregnancy Test

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

Mucous neck cells

Secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining from acidic gastric juice.

Gastric stem cells

Divide and differentiate into various cell types in the gastric glands, regenerating the stomach lining.

Chief cells

Secrete pepsinogen, an inactive precursor of pepsin, which digests proteins when activated by stomach acid.

Enterochromaffin

Secrete somatostatin, a hormone that inhibits the release of gastrin and other digestive hormones, regulating gastric activity.

TDF gene

Expressed on the Y chromosome; leads to Wolffian duct for male

GnRH

Located in hypothalamus and stimulates Anterior Pituitary to target Sertoli and Leydig cells of testes

FSH

Stimulates Sertoli cells to regulate spermatogenesis

LH

Stimulates Leydig(Interstitial cells) to release testosterone

Male accessory glands

Seninal vesicles, Prostates gland and Bulbourethal glands

Male Ducts

Epididymis duct, Vas deferens/ ductus deferens and Ejaculatory duct

Nitric oxide (NO)

Activates G couple receptor, Glu cycle and cGMP to close calcium channels

Ovarian cortex

Germ cells develop

Follicular phase

From Day 1 to 13; FSH stimulates follicle cells

Luteal Phase

Corpus Luteum (15-28 days) secrets hormones (estrogen, progestrone) for pregnancy

Zona pellucida

A glycoprotein-rich layer surrounding the oocyte; it protects the egg and is essential for sperm binding

GnRH

Stimulates release of FSH

LH

Stimulates theca cells to produce androgens

Corpus Luteum

Secretes high progesterone and some estrogen

Arrest Stage of Primary Oocyte in Primary Follicle

Prophase I of Meiosis I

Graafian follicle

A mature tertiary follicle ready for ovulation; contains a secondary oocyte arrested in metaphase II

Hormone at Peak Before Ovulation

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Corpus Luteum

A temporary endocrine structure formed from the ruptured follicle after ovulation