Covalent bonding

Covalent bonding is the…

strong electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the positive nuclei of 2 atoms

Atoms share electrons to…

get the nearest noble gas electronic configuration

Some don't achieve an octet (full outer shell) as there's…

not enough electrons

Atoms of the elements in the 3rd period onwards…

don't exceed their octet

s bonding (sigma)

direct, head on overlap

p bonding (pi)

side on overlap

A dative covalent bond is a covalent bond where…
(also called coordinate bond)

both electrons are donated by one atom

Simple molecular compounds:
don't conduct…
as…
(they're either involved in bonding or localised in lone pairs)

don't conduct electricity as no mobile ions or electrons

Simple molecular compounds:
more…

more soluble in organic solvents than in water

Simple molecular compounds:
low… and weak…

low bp, weak imf

Giant covalent compounds:
Silicon dioxide:
melting point:
strength:
conduction:

high melting point, hard, doesn't conduct

Giant covalent compounds:
Diamond:
melting point:
strength:
conduction:

high melting point, hard, doesn't conduct

Giant covalent compounds:
Graphite:
melting point:
strength:
conduction:

high melting point, soft, conducts

Why is graphite soft and can conduct?

layers held by weak forces, can slide,
unpaired delocalised electrons