Advanced Science Exam 5 Review

What is intrinsic?

From within

• Transmission within genes (hereditary)

What is extrinsic?

From environment

• Mechanical:loose denture cause hyperplasia

• chemical:cancers

• radiation:xray, sunlight, ingested radioactive material

What is neoplasia?

• Cells grow without control.

• It can happen because of genes or outside things (more common over 50).

• These growths often end in "-oma" (like tumor).

What are the neoplasms?

• Benign Neoplasm: Grows slowly, doesn’t spread much.

• Malignant Neoplasm: Grows quickly, spreads, invades nearby areas, hard to treat.

• Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Most common mouth cancer.

What is papilloma?

• White and firm in texture.

• Can be completely removed with surgery.

What is atrophy?

Cells shrink in size.

• Disuse atrophy: Happens when a body part isn’t used, like in paralysis or polio.

• Pressure atrophy: Occurs when constant pressure causes cells to shrink.

What is etiology?

The cause of disease

What is ankyloglossia? (tongue-tie)

• The lingual frenum is too short and restricts tongue movement.

• It is attached too close to the tip of the tongue.

• This condition is also called tongue-tie

What is hyperodontia (Supernumerary Teeth)?

Extra teeth, often in the upper molar area or between upper front teeth (Mesiodens).

What is Dens in Dente?

The enamel is found both inside and outside the tooth.

What is Dilaceration?

The crown and root grow in different directions.

What is Concrescence?

Two teeth join together by cementum.

What is Enamel Pearls?

Small masses of enamel or dentin attached to the root surface, usually in the furcation (where roots divide).

What is Fusion?

Two adjacent teeth merge, often a normal tooth with an extra one.

What is Amelogenesis Imperfecta?

A hereditary condition affecting enamel formation, making teeth weak.

What is Dentinogenesis Imperfecta?

A hereditary condition affecting dentin, making teeth appear discolored and fragile.

What is Fluorosis (Mottled Enamel)?

Caused by drinking water with too much fluoride during tooth development.

• Leads to white, gray, or brown enamel discoloration.

• Fun fact: Teeth with fluorosis are highly resistant to cavities!

What is Delayed Eruption?

Teeth take longer to come in, linked to overall growth and development.

• Sometimes caused by impaction (blocked teeth) or abnormal positions.

What is Transposition?

Teeth appear in the wrong spots.

What is Gigantism?

Unusually large teeth.

What is Dwarfism?

Small teeth, often seen as “peg laterals” (tiny, pointy lateral incisors).

Hairy Tongue

Overgrown Papillae Trap Bacteria & Food

• Color Changes:

  • Grayish-yellow or black: General causes

  • Brown: Coffee, tea, smoking

  • Red: Candy or certain foods

• Causes:

  • Poor oral hygiene

  • Too much hydrogen peroxide or Pepto-Bismol

Fissured Tongue

• Deep grooves or folds on the tongue's surface.

• Found in 25% of people, but rare in children.

• Patients should brush their tongue to keep it clean.

Geographic Tongue

• An inflammatory condition affecting less than 2% of people.

• Areas of the tongue lose filiform papillae, creating map-like patches.

Bifid Tongue

• The tongue develops two separate sections due to incomplete fusion.

• Appears notched or forked at the tip.

What is Hyperplasia?

• Increased function of cells or tissues.

• Examples:

  • Hypercementosis: Excessive cementum buildup on tooth roots.

  • Callus: Thickened skin due to repetitive friction.

What is Hypertrophy?

Increase in the size of cells or tissues.

• Often seen in muscles, where they grow larger due to use or stress.

What is a Atrophy?

Reduction in cell size or tissue mass.

• Disuse Atrophy: Happens when a body part is not used, like in paralysis or polio.

• Pressure Atrophy: Caused by constant pressure on a tissue, reducing its size.

Micrognathia

Underdeveloped or small lower jaw (mandible).

Agnathia

Partial or complete absence of the jaw.

Macrognathia

Abnormally large lower jaw (mandible).

Facial Hemihypertrophy

One side of the face grows more than the other, causing asymmetry.

Growth Issues from Birth Injuries

• Birth trauma can affect jaw development.

• Example: Forceps delivery may injure the condyle (jaw joint), leading to growth issues.

Viral Infection

• Causes high fever, swollen lymph nodes, and a sore throat.

• Painful ulcers that take 10-14 days to heal.

• Affects about 45% of adults.

HSV-1 (Herpes Simplex Virus-1) Lesions

• causes cold sores on the lips.

• Herpes sores hurt and have a red, inflamed border, unlike syphilis sores, which are painless.

• Canker sores (inside the mouth) are not caused by herpes.

What is candidiasis? (yeast infection)

• Happens when the immune system is weak.

• Looks like white, cottage cheese-like patches on the mouth.

• Not painful but can cause discomfort.

• Treated with antifungal medicine.

Bacterial Infection: Treponema Pallidum (Syphilis)

• Spirochete bacteria can’t live long outside the body.

• It spreads by touching sores in the mouth.

Congenital Syphilis (Passed from mother to baby)

• Hutchinson’s Incisors: Front teeth are notched and small.

• Mulberry Molars: First molars have an unusual, bumpy shape.

Stages of Syphilis

• Chancre: Painless sore, typically from syphilis, on the lip or mouth.

• Grayish-white patches: Seen in the mouth, often from syphilis (secondary stage).

• No symptoms: Syphilis can hide in the body, even without visible signs.

• Long-term effects: Syphilis can appear 20 years later and cause serious damage.

• Treatment: Antibiotics can cure syphilis if treated early.

What is Tuberculosis?

• A serious bacterial infection that mainly affects the lungs.

• Can be carried by people who had it before.

• Rarely affects the mouth.

Can tuberculosis cause mouth sores?

• Only in advanced stages.

• Small, deep, painful ulcers.

• Brown, jelly-like base.

What causes tuberculosis?

• A bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

• Hard to kill and doesn’t form spores.

• Can spread through infected cow’s milk.

What is Hepatitis B?

A virus that causes liver inflammation.

Why is hep b a risk for Dentists?

• Can spread through blood and bodily fluids.

• Dental professionals are at higher risk due to exposure.